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الثلاثاء، 11 سبتمبر 2012

Spectacular Globular Cluster Found Harboring a 13-Billion-Year-Old Planet (Weekend Feature)

Spectacular Globular Cluster Found Harboring a 13-Billion-Year-Old Planet (Weekend Feature)
Spectacular Globular Cluster Found Harboring a 13-Billion-Year-Old Planet (Weekend Feature)The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel: Sci, Space, TechFollow the Daily GalaxyAdd Daily Galaxy to igoogle page AddThis Feed Button Join The Daily Galaxy Group on Facebook Follow The Daily Galaxy Group on twitter  « Small Magellanic Cloud Reveals a Challenge to Big Bang Physics |Main| The 'Daily Galaxy' Twitter Followers Soar Above 200,000! »

September 09, 2012 Spectacular Globular Cluster Found Harboring a 13-Billion-Year-Old Planet (Weekend Feature)

 

        Hubblewatchi

 

This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows the center of globular cluster M 4. The power of Hubble has resolved the cluster into a multitude of glowing orbs, each a colossal nuclear furnace.  M 4 is relatively close to us, lying 7200 light-years distant, making it a prime object for study. It contains several tens of thousands stars and is noteworthy in being home to many white dwarfs—the cores of ancient, dying stars whose outer layers have drifted away into space.

In July 2003, Hubble helped make the astounding discovery of a planet called PSR B1620-26 b, 2.5 times the mass of Jupiter, which is located in this cluster. Its age is estimated to be around 13 billion years—almost three times as old as the Solar System! It is also unusual in that it orbits a binary system of a white dwarf and a pulsar (a type of neutron star).

The Daily Galaxy via NASA

Posted at 08:00 AM | Permalink



Comments

This is actually quite staggering.

Posted by:vortex |September 08, 2012 at 11:00 AM

yep you're right there. would love to go and see. :-)

Posted by:Martyn |September 08, 2012 at 03:36 PM

The most amazing thing is that we do not think life as we know it could survive there, I'll give you that... But at the same time it would be arguably naive to say that, "life in general couldn't have evolved here after 13 billion!! years". Anyone who does believe life is not possible really does not understand time... And anyone who says there are no aliens out there does not appreciate/understand space and time. The more we look, the more astounded we are about where life can survive/thrive... I really do not understand any modern religion... Its only because I appreciate time and space in our universe and no "modern" religion can.

Posted by:Cullen |September 09, 2012 at 03:30 AM

Wow, if life were possible on a moon orbiting this planet, I wouldn't mind having a look at the night sky...if it ever goes dark that is

Posted by:Ruth Mc |September 09, 2012 at 08:29 AM

An Ancient religion that began as Ancient Science and is recorded in the Vedas tells all about Time and Space. In the Drama of Lord Jaganatha , a King from Earth flies to Satayaloka and when he returns to Earth everything has changed and aged what was but a short span -a few years at most was over 300 years on Earth ~~~He realizes it's due to Time Dilation . The Vedas also speak of the millions of life forms the permeate and populate the Omniverse in both the Material and Anti-Material Skies.

Posted by:preston |September 09, 2012 at 11:40 AM

Woo...

Posted by:Q |September 10, 2012 at 07:09 AM


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"Is There Unstoppable Global Warming Every 1500 Years?" (Weekend Feature)

"Is There Unstoppable Global Warming Every 1500 Years?" (Weekend Feature)
"Is There Unstoppable Global Warming Every 1500 Years?" (Weekend Feature)The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel: Sci, Space, TechFollow the Daily GalaxyAdd Daily Galaxy to igoogle page AddThis Feed Button Join The Daily Galaxy Group on Facebook Follow The Daily Galaxy Group on twitter  « Star's Chemistry Key to Creating Habitable Zones |Main| Small Magellanic Cloud Reveals a Challenge to Big Bang Physics »

September 08, 2012 "Is There Unstoppable Global Warming Every 1500 Years?" (Weekend Feature)

                                     6a00d8341bf7f753ef01675ead90c2970b-800wi

The controversial climate-change contrarian, S. Frederick Singer, a former space scientist and government scientific administrator, who holds PhD in Physics from Princeton University and is co-author of  Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years, presents the theory that global temperatures have been rising mostly or entirely because of a natural cycle.

Using historic data from two millennia of recorded history combined with natural physical records, they argue that the 1,500 year natural sunspot magnetic waves cycle that has always controlled the earth's climate remains the driving force in the current warming trend. Man created carbon dioxide has very little effect on the earth's climate.

Since the 1,500 year cycle was discovered in the early 1980's it's general characteristics have been confirmed by measurements in: tree rings (living, preserved and fossilized), pollen, coral, glaciers, boreholes, stalagmites, tree lines, and sea sediments. The most recent cycles have been recorded in human history with forced migrations, starvation, and disease during the cold portion of the cycle and greater population, expanded farm land, greater crop variety, and extra building during the warm portion.

The causes of the 1,500 year cycle are not well understood although 600 of them have been identified in the last million years. This permits the authors to be relatively confident that we have been moving into the warm phase of the cycle for the last 150 years. It also suggests that we may have one or two degrees more warming if we are to get to the typical high of the warm phase.

Although the warm phase of the cycle has been typically more regular than the cold phase, it does not move steadily to a peak and then fall off, but rather moves abruptly higher at the start of the warm phase followed by highly irregular (but modestly higher) temperatures for hundreds of years.

Singer explained that the recent warming the Earth has experienced is not dangerous and is not something humans could alter. Global warming activists such as Al Gore, Singer believes, are hyping the problem. He said that such activists have not come close to demonstrating that human-generated greenhouse gases are contributing to global warming.

If politicians truly wanted to make a change to affect energy use, Singer told the Stanford audience, they would have to increase taxes on gasoline, which would decrease use of vehicles. He believes that such taxes would hit people of low income the hardest.

Singer claimed that many businesses, such as the wind farm industry, are making money off the global warming hype. Singer said that it is essential to convince the proponents of global warming that what they are doing is counterproductive and will not make any difference to the climate.

What do you think?

The Daily Galaxy via Stanford University and newsbusters.org

Posted at 07:59 AM | Permalink



Comments

I don't know what to think. Even if, IF, global warming is tied to a natural Sun cycle, isn't it still worthwhile to move away from energy use that pollutes our earth?

Posted by:tom perry |September 09, 2012 at 08:08 AM

Yep, what he said!

Posted by:Ruth Mc |September 09, 2012 at 08:24 AM

That the author chose to comment on the environmentalist wackos shows an agenda which discredits him some in my opinion. While it is comforting to think that we are witnessing a natural phenomenon and haven't destroyed our world, I always wonder how the release of carbon over a two hundred year period that was slowly accumulated over hundreds of millions of years wouldn't have any effects on climate.

Posted by:Dmih211 |September 09, 2012 at 08:37 AM

Good article. I've long maintained that Global Warming is a natural cycle. The planet began heating up, on its own, to end the ice age. And we're still experiencing that warming trend. It wasn't Jim-Bob driving around in his gas guzzling SUV that caused the ice age to end. It should be self explanatory as to why that is. The "Greens" like to say it has been caused by humans, because I'm the one with the wallet. Not mother nature.

Posted by:Rich |September 09, 2012 at 09:10 AM

Its about time to call bullsh*t on these climate deniers. There is no longer any reasonable doubt on global warming, that is: the scientists who study this have reached the conclusion that it is happening and human activity is to blame. Here is a modest proposal: On an annual basis, get an actuarial estimate of the number, if any, of additional weather related deaths. Should there be a substantial and statistically verifiable increase then charge these people with crimes against humanity. That takes care of these mouthpieces. For the companies that generate the greenhouse gases, a special tax of 50% on profits, and 50% on all bonuses to execs. The money earmarked for research and development of 'green energy' and to offset the energy price increases for the poor. Enough talk, let's do something.

Posted by:farticustheelder |September 09, 2012 at 09:15 AM

I'm with Tom. Regardless of whether global warming (which is certain) is caused or even aggravated by humans (which is not, though I personally lean toward the latter being the case), it only makes sense to move away from fossil fuels and toward sustainable, nonpolluting energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, fusion, and so forth.

For a balanced, rational perspective on this and other issues, I highly recommend "Physics for Future Presidents" by Richard A. Muller.

Posted by:Bob Greenwade |September 09, 2012 at 09:34 AM

Also, even if global warming is tied to solar cycles, isn't it very, very likely that this cycle and future warming cycles will be *worse* due to the waste and chemicals we're dumping into the atmosphere, land and water? Maybe our contribution to global warming will cause a runaway effect...do you want to take that chance?

Posted by:tom perry |September 09, 2012 at 10:36 AM

I'm with Fred.
He is using real data to support his theory. As an engineer I know you have to use real data or your bridge will fall down. You can't use politically manipulated data for whatever you think is right and good. We should be glad we didn't try to "fix" the coming ice age which was a consensus scientific opinion in the 1970's.
I'm with Fred.

Posted by:Engineer |September 09, 2012 at 01:48 PM

I am pretty much in agreement with Bob. We are in natural warming cycle where the sun in the PRIME influence. Climate modeling is way too primative to even come close to taging CO2 or any other gas as having a major impact. That being said, the most abundant resource we have is coal - a very dirty fuel, dirty to mine, dirty to transport and dirty burn.
Until we can create a usable, sustainable fusion reactor the next best alternatives are, I think, natural gas (the Northern Hemisphere has LOT of that) suplemented by solar and geothermal.
I ave seen the wind farms in the Western states. These are not practical without heavy subsdies. In the Winter many of these wind farms consume more electricty than they generate because the oil in the gear boxes has to be kept warm.
Think how much electricity we could generate if we followed in Iceland's footsteps, and tapped the geothermal vents in the Yellowstone caldera.
Just a few thoughts.

Posted by:oldfart |September 09, 2012 at 01:48 PM

I am a computer scientist. The CO2 Hypothesis appears to be BS to me.

Check out the graph "Global Temperature and Atmospheric CO2 over Geologic Time ". Present day is to the right. This means that most of the life in our seas evolved when CO2 levels were much higher than they are today. Also, the global average temperature appears almost constant at 25 C at this time scale, except during the extinction events, when the climate catastrophically cooled. No correlation between temperature and CO2 in this graph, even when CO2 ranged up to 7,000 ppm. In the past, CO2 appears to have had no effect on climate when it was between 1,000 ppm and 7,000 ppm, and now, it is supposedly very powerful at less than 400 ppm? How does that make sense?

http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/Carboniferous_climate.html

That temperature graph is from Professor Christopher R. Scotese, Geology Professor at UT Arlington
Here is his CV
http://www.scotese.com/ScoteseCV.htm

Here is his temperature graph
http://www.scotese.com/climate.htm

That CO2 graph appears the same as from this University web page
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange2/07_1.shtml

Posted by:Christopher J. Shaker |September 09, 2012 at 03:09 PM

This is the same Fred Singer who has been claiming for decades that it isn't getting warmer; that it in fact has been cooling , and that the satellite data supports this. It doesn't - he's lying. I say lying because he's been told many times that the satellite data shows the same general warming trend as the instrumental record he just refuses to correct his mistake.

So in this book he says it's happening, and it's unstoppable. He's still saying out the other side of his mouth it isn't warming too, but I guess his followers aren't able to see the contradiction.
There is no 1500 year warming cycle, btw. There was a cycle in ice core data during the glacial period of the current ice age, where Greenland would show a warming while Antarctica simultaneously had a cooling event, and vice versa. It's a bi-polar see-saw, not a global warming event. There is no net increase in global temps. The whole premise of Singer's book is a crock.

Posted by:Robert Murphy |September 09, 2012 at 05:24 PM

this rolling stone article is written for anyone to understand in clear language http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/global-warmings-terrifying-new-math-20120719?print=true

Posted by:cld1 |September 09, 2012 at 10:53 PM

Just 1 question i have for everyone denying human involvement in climate change or its intensity.

Did the Sun put the hole in our Ozone layer? no....

Ok then don't sit around talking about how it would be just as bad if we had not sprayed countless billions of pounds of toxic chemicals into our atmosphere.

Posted by:Matthew |September 10, 2012 at 12:33 AM

"This is the same Fred Singer who has been claiming for decades that it isn't getting warmer; that it in fact has been cooling , and that the satellite data supports this. It doesn't - he's lying."

The one lying here is you.

The satellite data is world wide and far more accurate. The observations station data is BS. See Anthony Watts sufacestations.org report and pay particular attention to the historical data.

Posted by:Sharpshooter |September 10, 2012 at 01:56 AM

"The one lying here is you."

Not at all. The satellite record shows almost the same warming trend as the instrumental record. Here's UAH (Roy Spencer and John Christy's satellite product):
http://www.woodfortrees.org/plot/uah/from:1979/to:2013/trend

About .14C of warming a decade. Singer *still* claims it shows cooling. He's the one lying.

"The satellite data is world wide and far more accurate."

Not really, though it has some strengths that the instrumental record doesn't have. For instance, it doesn't suffer from the UHI effect or have other siting issues that ground based records have. It does however have some biases of it's own that have to be statistically worked out - drift of satellites for instance, or bleeding of temps from the stratosphere. It doesn't take the temp directly of course; the temp has to be figured out through mathematical models. Not better necessarily, but independent.

"The observations station data is BS. See Anthony Watts sufacestations.org report and pay particular attention to the historical data."

Watts is a clown. He uses pictures of stations to make wild claims but actual analysis of the station data shows that the instrumental data is very accurate. As I said above, too, if you don't like the instrumental data, use the satellite data - it shows the same thing.

Posted by:Robert Murphy |September 10, 2012 at 02:32 AM

I doesn't matter whether GW is man-aggrevated or not. Using cleaner fuels that minimize environmental footprints is a respect thing, not a save-ourselves thing. The best part of evolution is that you maximize the resources from your niche in a better way then competitors ... less impact is better.

Posted by:Noochy |September 10, 2012 at 07:03 AM

Natural mechanisms rule.

Just think of the early Carboniferous when CO2 levels were much higher than today. Huge amounts of Limestone were deposited to remove the excess CO2 and large deposits of coal removed carbon from the atmosphere. Rather than the greenhouse effect taking over, an Ice Age started in the late Carboniferous! In fact compared to other geologic times, the earth’s current atmosphere is CO2 impoverished. Just think of the methane and CO2 levels in the Precambrian. The earth did not heat up and destroy itself, plant activity was stimulated, extracting CO2 and pumping oxygen into the atmosphere.

Temperature changes (from ice cores) match changes in solar activity. Changing solar activity explains the dip after 1940 and the more recent rise. Surprisingly obvious that the Sun is driving climate change and CO2 is less or largely irrelevant. The graphs produced from ice core research seem to show if anything, that C02 rises lag behind temperature rises not the other way round. Probably C02 is being released by warming of the oceans.

In all the climate in the geological past seems controlled by solar activity (Milancovitch cycles and cosmic ray changes) and if there is a relationship between temperature rise and C02 rise it is certainly not a simple one.

Now don't get me started on renewable energy . . . . lol

North Holland Province Says “No” To New Windparks: “Mega Money Pit With Virtually No Merit”:

http://notrickszone.com/2012/09/09/north....ally-no- merit/

"Adding it all up, one must conclude that under the present conditions in the Netherlands a 100 MW (Megawatt) ‘name plate’ capacity wind development produces on average 23 MW because of the capacity factor. 4,6 MW (20%) of this has to be subtracted from the final net result because of initial energy investments. From the actual Statline production figures we know that 27% of this 23 MW = 6,17 MW represents the actual fossil fuel and CO2 savings. But from this figure we need to subtract the amount of energy invested in the construction works: 4,6 MW. The net total of fuel saving electricity provided by our wind turbines therefore is 6.17 – 4.6 = 1.57 MW on average over the year. That is ~ 1.6% of the installed capacity. It makes wind developments a mega money pit with virtually no merit in terms of the intended goal of CO2 emission reduction or fossil fuel saving."

Posted by:orkneylad |September 10, 2012 at 08:27 AM

"Just think of the early Carboniferous when CO2 levels were much higher than today."

And the Sun was radiating about 4% less energy then(25% when it was formed 4.6 billion years ago). You forgot about that part. When you take into account the significantly reduced solar irradiance, the higher CO2 levels from 400-500 million years ago do not seem quite as high as they would today, when the Sun is giving off 4% more energy.

"Changing solar activity explains the dip after 1940 and the more recent rise."

But solar activity didn't stop rising until the 60's, and it has if anything actually decreased a little (though very little indeed)over the last 40 years. Solar activity has gone in the opposite direction of temp during that time - we've had recent warming despite, not because, of what the Sun has been doing. What did rise very fast in the 40's until the 70's was aerosols from fossil fuel burning; this did of course dampen temperatures. By the 70's and 80's aerosols leveled off as governments in the West cleaned up their acts. In the meantime, CO2 kept rising, and the warming from rising GHG's overtook the cooling from the aerosols. Mostly the Sun has been irrelevant in the last half century as far as temperature change is concerned.

"The graphs produced from ice core research seem to show if anything, that C02 rises lag behind temperature rises not the other way round."

And that has not been happening now - CO2 is clearly rising much faster than the rise in temps could possibly explain. Nobody has claimed that only CO2 or other GHG's can change the Earth's energy balance. Far from it. Warming from changes in the Earth's orbit (Milankovitch cycles) caused the oceans to release CO2. This lead to more warming; it was a feedback, not a cause of the Holocene. Rising solar irradiance is considered responsible for about half of the rise in temps from the mid 1800's to the 1940's. CO2 is the forcing that is changing temps now however. There is no contradiction in CO2 being able to be a feedback or a forcing depending on circumstances.

"In all the climate in the geological past seems controlled by solar activity (Milancovitch cycles and cosmic ray changes)"

Milankovitch cycles have nothing to do with changes in solar activity. They have to do with various irregularities in our orbit that affect how solar radiation hits the Earth. They would happen just the same if the Sun had a perfectly stable output. They act on scales of 10's of thousands of years though and can not explain any of the warming we've seen recently. For one thing, the present configuration of the cycles should have been producing a very slow long term cooling. This is what was actually seen for the last 5K years or so.

As for cosmic rays, they have had a minimal effect on temperature, and have been going in the wrong direction (like solar irradiance and the sunspot cycles) over the last 40-50 years to explain the recent warming. There is as yet no experimental or observational evidence that shows GCR's have anything but the most minor influence on cloud cover.

"Now don't get me started on renewable energy . . . . lol"

Why would one? This article isn't about renewable energy.

Posted by:Robert Murphy |September 10, 2012 at 10:57 AM


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الجمعة، 31 أغسطس 2012

"The Moon Once Harbored a Dynamic Molten Core" --MIT (Weekend Feature)

The new paper is the latest piece in a puzzle that planetary scientists have been working out for decades. In 1969, the Apollo 11 mission brought the first lunar rocks back to Earth — souvenirs from Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin’s historic moonwalk. Since then, scientists have probed the rocky remnants for clues to the moon’s history. They soon discovered that many rocks were magnetized, which suggested that the moon was more than a cold, undifferentiated pile of space rubble. Instead, it may have harbored a convecting metallic core that produced a large magnetic field, recorded in the moon’s rocks.

Exactly what powered the dynamo remains a mystery. One possibility is that the lunar dynamo was self-sustaining, like Earth’s: As the planet has cooled, its liquid core has moved in response, sustaining the dynamo and the magnetic field it produces. In the absence of a long-lived heat supply, most planetary bodies will cool within hundreds of millions of years of formation.

A dynamo still exists within Earth because heat, produced by the radioactive decay of elements within the planet, maintains the core’s convection. Models have shown that if a lunar dynamo were powered solely by cooling of the moon’s interior, it would have been able to sustain itself only for a few hundred million years after the moon formed — dissipating by 4.2 billion years ago, at the very latest.

However, Weiss and his colleagues found some surprising evidence in a bit of lunar basalt dubbed 10020. The Apollo 11 astronauts collected the rock at the southwestern edge of the Sea of Tranquility; scientists believe it was likely ejected from deep within the moon 100 million years ago, after a meteor impact. The group confirmed previous work dating the rock at 3.7 billion years old, and found that it was magnetized — a finding that clashes with current dynamo models.

Weiss collaborated with researchers at the University of California at Berkeley and the Berkeley Geochronology Center, who determined the rock’s age using radiometric dating. After a rock forms, a radioactive potassium isotope decays to a stable argon isotope at a known rate. The group measured the ratio of potassium to argon in a small piece of the rock, using this information to ascertain that the rock cooled from magma 3.7 billion years ago.

Weiss and graduate student Erin Shea then measured the rock’s magnetization, and found that the rock was magnetized. However, this didn’t necessarily mean that the rock, and the moon, had a dynamo-generated magnetic field 3.7 billion years ago: Subsequent impacts may have heated the rock and reset its magnetization.

To discard this possibility, the team examined whether the rock experienced any significant heating since its ejection onto the moon’s surface. Again, they looked to isotopes of potassium and argon, finding that the only heating the rock had experienced since it was ejected onto the lunar surface came from simple exposure to the sun’s rays.

“It’s basically been in cold storage for 3.7 billion years, essentially undisturbed,” Weiss says. “It retains a beautiful magnetization record.”

Weiss says the rock’s evidence supports a new mechanism of dynamo generation that was proposed last year by scientists at University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC). This hypothesis posits that the moon’s dynamo may have been powered by Earth’s gravitational pull. Billions of years ago, the moon was much closer to Earth than it is today; terrestrial gravity may have had a stirring effect within the moon’s core, keeping the liquid metal moving even after the lunar body had cooled.

Francis Nimmo, a professor of earth and planetary sciences at UCSC and one of the researchers who originally put forth the new dynamo theory, says Weiss’ evidence provides scientists with a new picture of the moon’s evolution.

“We generally assume that cooling is the main mechanism for driving a dynamo anywhere,” says Nimmo, who was not involved in the current study. “This lunar data is telling us that other mechanisms may also play a role, not just at the moon, but elsewhere, too.”

The Daily Galaxy via Massachusetts Institute of Technology 


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الخميس، 30 أغسطس 2012

1st Ever Death Star Discovered (Weekend Feature)

1st Ever Death Star Discovered (Weekend Feature)
1st Ever Death Star Discovered (Weekend Feature)The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel: Sci, Space, TechFollow the Daily GalaxyAdd Daily Galaxy to igoogle page AddThis Feed Button Join The Daily Galaxy Group on Facebook Follow The Daily Galaxy Group on twitter  « Curiosity's Powerful Laser Pulse Kick-Starts Search for Evidence of Mars Life |Main

August 25, 2012 1st Ever Death Star Discovered (Weekend Feature)

 

          Rcw38_xray_radio_ir_comp

 

The first evidence of a planet's destruction by its aging star has been discovered by an international team of astronomers. The evidence indicates that the missing planet was devoured as the star began expanding into a "red giant" -- the stellar equivalent of advanced age.

"A similar fate may await the inner planets in our solar system, when the Sun becomes a red giant and expands all the way out to Earth's orbit some five-billion years from now," said Alexander Wolszczan, Evan Pugh Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at Penn State University, who is one of the members of the research team. Wolszczan also is the discoverer of the first planet ever found outside our solar system.

The astronomers also discovered a massive planet in a surprisingly elliptical orbit around the same red-giant star, named BD+48 740, which is older than the Sun with a radius about eleven times bigger. Wolszczan and the team's other members, Monika Adamow, Grzegorz Nowak, and Andrzej Niedzielski of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland; and Eva Villaver of the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid in Spain, detected evidence of the missing planet's destruction while they were using the Hobby-Eberly Telescope to study the aging star and to search for planets around it. The evidence includes the star's peculiar chemical composition, plus the highly unusual elliptical orbit of its surviving planet.

"Our detailed spectroscopic analysis reveals that this red-giant star, BD+48 740, contains an abnormally high amount of lithium, a rare element created primarily during the Big Bang 14 billion years ago," Adamow said.

Lithium is easily destroyed in stars, which is why its abnormally high abundance in this older star is so unusual. "Theorists have identified only a few, very specific circumstances, other than the Big Bang, under which lithium can be created in stars," Wolszczan added. "In the case of BD+48 740, it is probable that the lithium production was triggered by a mass the size of a planet that spiraled into the star and heated it up while the star was digesting it."

The second piece of evidence discovered by the astronomers is the highly elliptical orbit of the star's newly discovered massive planet, which is at least 1.6 times as massive as Jupiter. "We discovered that this planet revolves around the star in an orbit that is only slightly wider than that of Mars at its narrowest point, but is much more extended at its farthest point," Niedzielski said. "Such orbits are uncommon in planetary systems around evolved stars and, in fact, the BD+48 740 planet's orbit is the most elliptical one detected so far."

Because gravitational interactions between planets are responsible for such peculiar orbits, the astronomers suspect that the dive of the missing planet toward the star before it became a giant could have given the surviving massive planet a burst of energy, throwing it into an eccentric orbit like a boomerang.

"Catching a planet in the act of being devoured by a star is an almost improbable feat to accomplish because of the comparative swiftness of the process, but the occurrence of such a collision can be deduced from the way it affects the stellar chemistry," Villaver explained. "The highly elongated orbit of the massive planet we discovered around this lithium-polluted red-giant star is exactly the kind of evidence that would point to the star's recent destruction of its now-missing planet."

The paper describing this discovery is posted in an early online edition of the Astrophysical Journal Letters (Adamow et al. 2012, ApJ, 754, L15). The Hobby-Eberly Telescope is a joint project of the University of Texas at Austin, Penn State University, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, and Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen.

Journal reference: Astrophysical Journal Letters

The Daily Galaxy via Pennsylvania State University.

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الثلاثاء، 28 أغسطس 2012

'Curiosity' Fires Up Its Laser Beam on 1st Mars Target (Weekend Feature)

'Curiosity' Fires Up Its Laser Beam on 1st Mars Target (Weekend Feature)
'Curiosity' Fires Up Its Laser Beam on 1st Mars Target (Weekend Feature)The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel: Sci, Space, TechFollow the Daily GalaxyAdd Daily Galaxy to igoogle page AddThis Feed Button Join The Daily Galaxy Group on Facebook Follow The Daily Galaxy Group on twitter  « Extraterrestrial Life --"Alternative Biochemistries" (Weekend Feature) |Main| Image of the Day: Spectacular Colliding Clusters of Massive Stars (Weekend Feature) »

August 18, 2012 'Curiosity' Fires Up Its Laser Beam on 1st Mars Target (Weekend Feature)

 

                            Chemcam2


The Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover ChemCam team have received the first photos from the instrument’s remote micro imager. The successful capture of ChemCam’s first 10 photos sets the stage for the first test bursts of the instrument’s rock-zapping laser in the near future.

When ChemCam fires its extremely powerful laser pulse, it briefly focuses the energy of a million light bulbs onto an area the size of a pinhead. The laser blast vaporizes a small amount of its target up to seven meters (23 feet) away.

The resultant flash of glowing plasma is viewed by the system’s 4.3-inch aperture telescope, which sends the light down an optical fiber to a spectrometer located in the body of the rover. There the colors of the light from the flash are recorded, enabling scientists to determine the elemental composition of the vaporized material. ChemCam also has a high-resolution camera that provides close-up images of an analyzed location. It can image a human hair from seven feet away. The ChemCam system is designed to capture as many as 14,000 observations throughout the mission.

 

“The successful delivery of these photos means we can begin efforts in earnest for the first images of Mars rocks by the ChemCam instrument and the first use of the instrument’s laser,” said Los Alamos National Laboratory planetary scientist Roger Wiens, Principal Investigator of the ChemCam Team. “We anticipate these next steps over the weekend.”

The next tasks for ChemCam—the inaugural laser burst and spectral reading—will help scientists determine the integrity of the ChemCam system and the pointing capability of the rover’s mast, which supports ChemCam’s laser and telescope.

Scientists and engineers from NASA’s Curiosity rover mission have selected ChemCam’s first target, a three-inch rock designated N-165 located near the rover.* “Rock N-165 looks like your typical Mars rock, about three inches (seven centimeters) wide and it's about 10 feet away,” Wiens said. “We are going to hit it with 14 milliJoules of energy 30 times in 10 seconds. It is not only going to be an excellent test of our system, but it should be pretty cool too.”

The ChemCam system is one of 10 instruments mounted on the MSL mission’s Curiosity rover—a six-wheeled mobile laboratory that will roam more than 12 miles of the planet’s surface during the course of one Martian year (98 Earth weeks).

The laser, telescope, and camera were provided by the French space agency, CNES, while the spectrometers, electronics, and software were built at Los Alamos National Laboratory, which leads the investigation. The spectrometers were developed with the aid of Ocean Optics, Incorporated, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory assisted with various aspects of development.

The Daily Galaxy via Los Alamos National Laboratories 

Posted at 08:05 AM | Permalink



Comments

Great, our first weapon on Mars... let it be noted; the nanoMartian objected, but was vaporized.

Posted by:dr burke |August 18, 2012 at 06:00 PM

yes dr burke, and thus is the course of nature on practically all scales and in all beings. Don't get it twisted this universe is creation via destruction, and we aren't going to be changing that anytime soon. People are too damn sentimental, they don't comprehend the harsh reality of the universe. As humanity we are nothing, and using our intellect we can learn and our ability to record information we can gather that knowledge together to progress on and on. Any little thing we learn by vaporizing nano-martians is something that progresses our species. Is it "humane"? No, but it is what makes us human. We have exploited the environment in countless ways to achieve what we have, moral or not it's simply what we are, and without doing it, we would be extinct, do not doubt that. Curiosity is the human condition, the human mission. We will dig somethings insides out to find out about it, and not hesitate to go kill a bunch more and eat them if they are safe and taste good (-=

Posted by:Justin |August 18, 2012 at 11:54 PM

It doesnt say how much damage the laser can/did do. Was the 3 inch rock completely vaporized? was there a 2 foot crater made? was the area damaged the size of a coin? I see no reference claiming the rock was vaporized. "The laser blast vaporizes a small amount of its target up to seven meters (23 feet) away." is as close as any reference gets.
And I agree with Justin. If we found a forest there, we would start cutting it down for firewood and shelter our first day there and start testing its fruit and leaves to use as food. Any critters hiding in them would be tested also.

Posted by:smartypants |August 19, 2012 at 07:20 AM

and YES, I know there is no air there for fire, trees ect ect.....

Posted by:smartypants |August 19, 2012 at 07:21 AM

Well, Justin, that is the bleak picture of humanity with which we have justified all kinds of misdeeds....as if we had no choice but to be thoughtless, selfish, and greedy...as if our current version of progress, where millions live in fear, poverty and violence while some who have everything still want more...as if a reasonable definition of development and progress is trashing and destroying whatever we live on, or whoever/whatever lives on land that want. You don't think that human beings can live full, productive lives and continue to evolve in a world where compassion, humaneness, cooperation and moderation are the norm? Clearly, we can live in different worlds even though we inhabit the same planet.

Posted by:Tosca Zraikat |August 19, 2012 at 05:58 PM


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السبت، 25 أغسطس 2012

Extraterrestrial Life --"Alternative Biochemistries" (Weekend Feature)

Extraterrestrial Life --"Alternative Biochemistries" (Weekend Feature)
Extraterrestrial Life --"Alternative Biochemistries" (Weekend Feature)The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel: Sci, Space, TechFollow the Daily GalaxyAdd Daily Galaxy to igoogle page AddThis Feed Button Join The Daily Galaxy Group on Facebook Follow The Daily Galaxy Group on twitter  « 'Curosity' Starting Trek to 1st Science Destination |Main| 'Curiosity' Fires Up Its Laser Beam on 1st Mars Target (Weekend Feature) »

August 18, 2012 Extraterrestrial Life --"Alternative Biochemistries" (Weekend Feature)

 

          Intelligent-Life-in-the-Universe

 

In his famous lecture, "Life in the Universe," Stephen Hawking observed that what we normally think of as 'life' is based on chains of carbon atoms, with a few other atoms, such as nitrogen or phosphorous. We can imagine  that one might have life with some other chemical basis, such as silicon, "but carbon seems the most favorable case, because it has the richest chemistry."

Several eminent scientists think otherwise, that life in the universe could have a myriad of possible biochemical foundations ranging from life in ammonia to life in hydrocarbons and silicon. Silicates have a rich chemistry with a propensity for forming chains, rings, and sheets.

One of the founders on modern genetics, Cairs-Smith, argued that layers of crystalline silicates functioned as a primitive form of life on early Earth, before they evolved into carbon-based life forms.

The Earth was formed largely out of the heavier elements, including carbon and oxygen. Somehow, Hawking observes, "some of these atoms came to be arranged in the form of molecules of DNA. One possibility is that the formation of something like DNA, which could reproduce itself, is extremely unlikely. However, in a universe with a very large, or infinite, number of stars, one would expect it to occur in a few stellar systems, but they would be very widely separated."

Other prominent scientists have warned that we humans may be blinded by our familiarity with carbon and Earth-like conditions. In other words, what we’re looking for may not even lie in our version of a “sweet spot”. After all, even here on Earth, one species “sweet spot” is another species worst nightmare. In any case, it is not beyond the realm of feasibility that our first encounter with extraterrestrial life will not be a solely carbon-based fete.

Alternative biochemists speculate that there are several atoms and solvents that could potentially spawn life. Because carbon has worked for the conditions on Earth, we speculate that the same must be true throughout the universe. In reality, there are many elements that could potentially do the trick. Even counter-intuitive elements such as arsenic may be capable of supporting life under the right conditions. Even on Earth some marine algae incorporate arsenic into complex organic molecules such as arsenosugars and arsenobetaines.

Several other small life forms use arsenic to generate energy and facilitate growth. Chlorine and sulfur are also possible elemental replacements for carbon. Sulfur is capably of forming long-chain molecules like carbon. Some terrestrial bacteria have already been discovered to survive on sulfur rather than oxygen, by reducing sulfur to hydrogen sulfide.

Nitrogen and phosphorus could also potentially form biochemical molecules. Phosphorus is similar to carbon in that it can form long chain molecules on its own, which would conceivably allow for formation of complex macromolecules. When combined with nitrogen, it can create quite a wide range of molecules, including rings.

So what about water? Isn’t at least water essential to life?

Not necessarily. Ammonia, for example, as we mentioned above has many of the same properties as water. An ammonia or ammonia-water mixture stays liquid at much colder temperatures than plain water. Such biochemistries may exist outside the conventional water-based "habitability zone". One example of such a location would be right here in our own solar system on Saturn's largest moon Titan.

Hydrogen fluoride methanol, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, and formamide have all been suggested as suitable solvents that could theoretically support alternative biochemistry. All of these “water replacements” have pros and cons when considered in our terrestrial environment. What needs to be considered is that with a radically different environment, comes radically different reactions. Water and carbon might be the very last things capable of supporting life in some extreme planetary conditions.

While some of these scenarios may seem the stuff of science fiction, it's important to keep in mind that the foundations of life on Earth, the association of a protein with a nucleic acid when view abstractly, does little to convey the endgame wonders such as blue whales and Mozart's operas.

A billion years from now our descendants may have discovered other systems of physical life such as plasma within stars which would be based on the reciprocal influence of patterns of magnetic force and the ordered motion of charged particles. In fact, such life may well exist within our Sun.

Another form would be based on radiation emitted by isolated atoms and molecules in a dense interstellar cloud similar to the one physicist Fred Hoyle described in his scifi thriller, The Black Cloud. Such clouds can have a long lifetime lasting millions of years before they collapse.

Our personal favorite at The Daily Galaxy is the possibility of life in Neutron stars which wouldfbe based on the properties of polymeric atoms which which could form chains that could store and transmit information in a way that bears an uncanny similarity to the functions of nucleic acids -the molecules that carry genetic information or form structures within cells.

The Daily Galaxy 

Image Credit: antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov

Stephen Hawking: Why Isn't the Milky Way "Crawling With Self-Designing Mechanical or Biological Life?"

 

Posted at 06:00 AM | Permalink



Comments

Amazingly interesting article, i have said before on this site that searching for life under the assumption that it must be something like us, or live on a planet like ours, is a very small minded approach. In a universe so vast, in which we have not even fully explored our own solar system, there must be forms of life out there we cannot even conceive of existing. I think the universe is so saturated with the environments and building blocks for life, finding something out there is inevitable. Whether it will be intelligent self aware life is another issue entirely.

Posted by:Matthew |August 17, 2012 at 02:43 PM

No offense to these scientists but Im pretty sure any other forms of life will be carbon based. Im still getting my undergrad in chemsitty but from what Ive seen no other element behaves quite like carbon. Silicon tends to form strong stable bonds with oxygen while the ones formed with carbon or pretty reactive. Phosphorous tends to form more than 3 bonds, unlike nitrogen. More can be listed but the premise is the same, the first row of elements and the second are similar but dont react nearly the same way. Extream heat, cold, etc does change the way things react but i feel like it is too chaotic to form complex life. I dont think its small minded at all to assume other life will be like us, like physics, chemistry is universal as is the formation of stars and their planets and thats what were banking on, that things tend to repeat themselves.

Posted by:Tyler |August 17, 2012 at 04:04 PM

Like Carl Sagan said, he agrees that life out there is very likely to thrive on solvents other than water (citing ammonia and methane (or other hydrocarbons) as the two most likely). But, he further said due to the grandeur of carbon, if life was found out there with other elemental bases (besides carbon), carbon would most likely take up the undisputed throne in being by far the most likely to encounter base in life (especially in more complex larger forms of life).

As for star and black cloud based... whew, now that's a whole different story. It baffles me to think of it. The Black Cloud, neutron star based life, and let's not forget the dark matter based (since theoretically dark matter rarely interacts with regular matter, we would have one hell of a time detecting any dark matter based life that would literally be living amongst us <--- finally giving ghosts or the spirits the tiniest bit of credibility in science)

Mind-Boggling

Posted by:Relentless |August 17, 2012 at 11:55 PM

Physicists are fond of quoting Gell-Mann's Totalitarian Principle: "Everything not forbidden is compulsory." While Murry Gell-Mann intended this to apply specifically to particle interactions, it's been broadened to mean that anything that can happen will happen, somewhere, some time.

Thus, while carbon/water-based life may be by far the most likely in any given instance, I have no doubt somewhere out there we'd be able to find many planets where life has developed using other chemistries. If we look hard enough and long enough we might even find sapient life like that.

Posted by:Bob Greenwade |August 18, 2012 at 08:10 AM

well, there are those things seen by tens of thousnds of people, referred to as flying saucers. We have not the technology to manufacture saucer shaped objects that fly, nor the technoogy to attain the speed they routinely do.
Owing primarily to gravity, which sags not only our bodies but also our organs, limiting our life span to 70-80 years on average. But for our life span, we would be far mre in telligent than we are, posess a body of knowledge much greater than we do.


Posted by:Cal Young |August 18, 2012 at 09:25 AM

We look for life as "we know it", for in our minds we are the "crown of creation". Can life exist in the universe that is not carbon based? We don't know the extent of the possible bounty that life can exist in, if only we stop looking for our selves in the reflecting pool of the universe. We want to explore the universe, so we can validate our existence. Science is about keeping an open mind of the possibilties that exist, not approaching things with a closed and preconcieved notion of what we will find.

Life can only exist in carbon based molecules, and so all life in the universe is carbon based. We are carbon based, so life has to be just like us.

As we search the universe for microbial life, asking if the primodial lifeforms are are based on what element. We do have to ask ourselves what would higher lifeforms be based on, and will we one day say, "to be able to see the forest for the trees".

Posted by:kristi276 |August 18, 2012 at 11:12 PM

it is arrogance and ignorance and self-absorption that makes us think we are the pinnacle the universe’s long effort(s) to nurture life forms. I react to the ‘Goldilocks’ concept with a grimace because it carries a sense we will somehow meet life with 4 limbs like us and who cut their toe nails with something like our dime store cutters tho maybe with elaborately exotic designs on the haft. The real problem to me concerns not the ‘form’ of life we will meet but life’s various schemes to survive and evolve, i.e., how many ways can a life form extend itself? Our earth mode of reproduction, DNA replication, is one mode of correcting for chain degradation and extending earth life forms forward in time. But, are there other ways not involving DNA? The usefulness of DNA as far as we can tell is it can encode ‘a lot’ of information and alternate algorithms for survival of a species. Are their non-DNA based possibilities? Are their other DNA-like 3-D morphologies either carbon or non-carbon based? The answer to this must be, ‘Yes’. A word on Ammonia and Methane as solvents to support alternative life forms - these solvents not only support analogies to water-base hydrolysis, the basis of our biochemistry, but at their liquid temperatures, they provide additional, modes of charge transfer that are magnitudes longer-lived, and faster, than available in water chemistry. This might give a basis for quicker reflexes and thinking?

Posted by:resonanz |August 19, 2012 at 12:29 PM

Another thought - which will no doubt have many challengers and even objectors: earth life forms (certainly complex forms such as us), appear to be very inefficient bio-machines. We are energy-wise inefficient
and in constant search for energy sources. We mobilize around constantly leaking waste products from our multitude of different pores and orifices. We are prone to breaking down and we are short-lived. We must constantly pay attention to not falling outside our temperature rating - neither overheating nor getting too cold; we must constantly hydrate to achieve the best functioning of our biochemistry and machine cooling scheme; we must have access to the gas, Oxygen, but not too much or too little. We have circulating in our veins and capillaries a fluid made up of a mixture of garbage, exo-organisms we have to tolerate because they have assumed symbiotic, important roles in maintaining their (our) internal environment, a precise ionic strength and ion chemistry, and we have a continually chinking away sanitation and waste filtering system which if it goes down will see us die in short time. There is much more to this stream but ..the point of all this ‘reductio-ad-?’…I Just am not willing to buy any argument that we, as spokes-forms for earth life, are the Universe’s masterpiece or sole creation.

Posted by:resonanz |August 19, 2012 at 01:00 PM


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Image of the Day: Spectacular Colliding Clusters of Massive Stars (Weekend Feature)

Image of the Day: Spectacular Colliding Clusters of Massive Stars (Weekend Feature)
Image of the Day: Spectacular Colliding Clusters of Massive Stars (Weekend Feature)The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel: Sci, Space, TechFollow the Daily GalaxyAdd Daily Galaxy to igoogle page AddThis Feed Button Join The Daily Galaxy Group on Facebook Follow The Daily Galaxy Group on twitter  « 'Curiosity' Fires Up Its Laser Beam on 1st Mars Target (Weekend Feature) |Main| "Dwarfing Mount Everest" --Mars' Olympus Mons »

August 18, 2012 Image of the Day: Spectacular Colliding Clusters of Massive Stars (Weekend Feature)

 

           676795main_cluster-collision-670

 

Astronomers using data from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have caught two clusters full of massive stars that may be in the early stages of merging. The clusters are 170,000 light-years away in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a small satellite galaxy to our Milky Way.

What at first was thought to be only one cluster in the core of the massive star-forming region 30 Doradus (also known as the Tarantula Nebula) has been found to be a composite of two clusters that differ in age by about one million years.The entire 30 Doradus complex has been an active star-forming region for 25 million years, and it is currently unknown how much longer this region can continue creating new stars. Smaller systems that merge into larger ones could help to explain the origin of some of the largest known star clusters.

The Hubble image above shows the clusters in the gigantic 30 Doradus nebula, which is 170,000 light-years from Earth. The Hubble observations, made with the Wide Field Camera 3, were taken Oct. 20-27, 2009. The blue color is light from the hottest, most massive stars; the green from the glow of oxygen; and the red from fluorescing hydrogen.

Lead scientist Elena Sabbi of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Md., and her team began looking at the area while searching for runaway stars, fast-moving stars that have been kicked out of their stellar nurseries where they first formed.

"Stars are supposed to form in clusters, but there are many young stars outside 30 Doradus that could not have formed where they are; they may have been ejected at very high velocity from 30 Doradus itself," Sabbi said.

She then noticed something unusual about the cluster when looking at the distribution of the low-mass stars detected by Hubble. It is not spherical, as was expected, but has features somewhat similar to the shape of two merging galaxies where their shapes are elongated by the tidal pull of gravity. Hubble’s circumstantial evidence for the impending merger comes from seeing an elongated structure in one of the clusters, and from measuring a different age between the two clusters.

According to some models, the giant gas clouds out of which star clusters form may fragment into smaller pieces. Once these small pieces precipitate stars, they might then interact and merge to become a bigger system. This interaction is what Sabbi and her team think they are observing in 30 Doradus.

There are an unusually large number of high-velocity stars around 30 Doradus. Astronomers believe that these stars, often called "runaway stars" were expelled from the core of 30 Doradus as the result of dynamical interactions. These interactions are very common during a process called core collapse, in which more-massive stars sink to the center of a cluster by dynamical interactions with lower-mass stars. When many massive stars have reached the core, the core becomes unstable and these massive stars start ejecting each other from the cluster.

The big cluster R136 in the center of the 30 Doradus region is too young to have already experienced a core collapse. However, since in smaller systems the core collapse is much faster, the large number of runaway stars that has been found in the 30 Doradus region can be better explained if a small cluster has merged into R136.

Follow-up studies will look at the area in more detail and on a larger scale to see if any more clusters might be interacting with the ones observed. In particular, the infrared sensitivity of NASA’s planned James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will allow astronomers to look deep into the regions of the Tarantula Nebula that are obscured in visible-light photographs. In these areas cooler and dimmer stars are hidden from view inside cocoons of dust. Webb will better reveal the underlying population of stars in the nebula.

The 30 Doradus Nebula is particularly interesting to astronomers because it is a good example of how star-forming regions in the young universe may have looked. This discovery could help scientists understand the details of cluster formation and how stars formed in the early universe.

The Daily Galaxy via NASA, ESA, R. O'Connell (University of Virginia), and the Wide Field Camera 3 Science Oversight Committee

Posted at 08:21 AM | Permalink



Comments

The picture is beautiful but the story kind of gives me a problem.

The story seems like a lot of guess work and supposition. And with statements like "She then noticed something unusual about the cluster" directly followed by "It is not spherical, as was expected,". She expects the unusual! And things like "think they are observing" and "they might then interact" gives it a just not sure feeling. So the problem it gives me is I always HATE when storys are reported as facts when there are so many different possibilities. But now I can see what happens when just the opposite happens and I am not sure its any better. Maybe its the way its written, I dont know.

Posted by:smartypants |August 19, 2012 at 07:02 AM

The elongated shape instead of the expected spherical shape for gravity is not explained by their guesswork and interpretations. See the better electromagnetic interpretation of these connecting plasma filaments and this new feature story at my blog http://HOLOGRAPHICGALAXY.BLOGSPOT.com

Posted by:Holo |August 19, 2012 at 09:12 AM

Ditto, Smartypants. What's ironic is that because they continually present suppositions and guesses as facts, no one ever seems to agree with anyone else. It's as though good science is whatever one wants it to be. Still, I'm glad to know what they're thinking, and if I want to know more, I do a little investigating of my own...keeps me in touch with what's happening in the cosmos.

Posted by:Tosca Zraikat |August 19, 2012 at 06:07 PM


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الثلاثاء، 14 أغسطس 2012

"The Virus Planet" -- A Hidden Universe that Would Reach Out 100 Million Light Years (Weekend 'Most Popular')

Over tens, hundreds and millions years, our ancestors have been picking up retroviruses (HIV is a retrovirus) that reproduce by taking their genetic material and inserting it into our own chromosomes. There are probably about 100,000 elements in the human genome that you can trace to a virus ancestor. They make up about 8 percent of our genome, and genes that encode proteins only make up 1.2 percent of our genome making us more virus than human.

Occasionally, a retrovirus will end up in a sperm cell or an egg and insert its genes there, which then may give rise to a new organism, a new animal, a new person where every cell in that body has got that virus.

In 2009, MIT researchers have explained why two mutations in the H1N1 avian flu virus were critical for viral transmission in humans during the 1918 pandemic outbreak that killed at least 50 million people -- believed more than that taken by the Black Death, and higher than the number killed in World War I.


The 1918 flu pandemic -- commonly known as the Spanish flu -- was an influenza pandemic that started in the United States, appeared in West Africa and France and then spread to nearly every part of the globe in three waves lasting from March 1918 to June 1920, spreading to the Arctic and remote Pacific islands. It was caused by an unusually severe and deadly Influenza A virus strain of subtype H1N1.


In contrast to most influenza outbreaks which predominantly affect juvenile, elderly, or otherwise weakened patients, the Spanish Flu also claimed healthy young adults, resulting from infection rates of up to 50% and the extreme severity of the symptoms, suspected to be caused by cytokine storms.


           


The disease was first discovered at Fort Riley, Kansasand Queens, New York , in 1918. In August 1918, a more virulent strain appeared simultaneously in Brest, France, in West Africa at Freetown, Sierra Leone, and in the U.S. at Boston, Massachusetts. The Allies of World War I came to call it the Spanish Flu, primarily because the pandemic received greater press attention after it moved from France to Spain in November of 1918.


The MIT team showed that the 1918 influenza strain developed two mutations in a surface molecule called hemagglutinin (HA), which allowed it to bind tightly to receptors in the human upper respiratory tract.   


           


Fast forward to the apst few years, with the reports of a massive outbreak of E. coli in Europe, which seemed to fit the pattern: people were infected with E. coli apparently after eating contaminated vegetables. But when German hospitals sent samples of the E. coli to the Beijing Genome Center on June 2, 2011 to have their DNA sequenced, the Chinese researchers reported that the strain was not the same E. coli that contaminated the spinach, known as O157:H7.


In fact, it was an entirely different strain of E. coli, called O104:H4, that had never been associated with epidemics. Somehow this obscure microbe had turned savage, triggering one of the biggest — if not the biggest— E. coli epidemics in history, with at least 1,730 infections and 18 deaths to date.
“We didn’t know this bug was out there,” said Phillip Tarr, a microbiologist at WashingtonState University in an interview with Newsweek. 


What makes these outbreaks particularly confusing, reports Carl Zimmer, author of The Rise of Superbacteria, is that E. coli is, for the most part, a harmless creature. We are each home to billions of harmless E. coli that inhabit our intestines.


"But in the mid-1900s," writes Zimmer, "scientists began uncovering strains of E. coli that could cause life-threatening diarrhea. Unlike ordinary E. coli, they carried genes for a poison known as Shiga toxin, named for Japanese bacteriologist Kiyoshi Shiga. Over time, microbiologists identified a number of strains of disease-causing bacteria, classifying them by the proteins on their surface.


In 1982, E. coli O157:H7 burst on the scene with particularly grisly flair. It struck 25 people in Medford, Ore., and then three months later the same strain caused an outbreak in Traverse City, Mich. Scientists were able to trace the bacteria back to undercooked hamburgers."


Scientists have found a half dozen other strains that cause similar illnesses, but E. coli O157:H7 has been responsible for the lion’s share of E. coli food poisoning, striking again in 1993 in contaminated hamburgers in Washington state, for example, sickening 732 people and killing four of them. But it has not used just hamburger to infect its victims. Along with the spinach outbreak of 2006, E. coli O157:H7 has turned up in lettuce, bean sprouts, and even cookie dough.


A deadly new strain of E. coli has spread fear across Europe about meat and vegatables.The sudden debut of E. coli O157:H7 in the 1980s made many people wonder how it had come to be. Was it the monstrous product of the modern food industry? Tarr and his colleagues analyzed the genome of the bacteria to estimate its time of origin.


“These organisms have been around for 7,000 years,” says Tarr. It’s possible that E. coli O157:H7 and other pathogenic strains caused outbreaks for centuries before microbiologists could identify them as the cause.


A look at the genetic makeup of E. coli O157:H7 is cause for even more concern. It evolved into a deadly pathogen by picking up genes from other bacteria through a process called recombination. Viruses, for example, can move from one E. coli to another and insert genes from their old host into a new one. “E. coli are a cauldron of recombination,” says Tarr.


The European strain did not belong to any of these well-known suspects. Initially, it appeared that the bacteria were coming from cucumbers and other vegetables from organic farms in Spain, but O104:H4 has not turned up in tests at those places. Researchers are now left to wonder where exactly it came from.


The O104:H4 genome sequence suggests that it’s yet another concoction from evolution’s brew. The bacteria contain many segments of DNA not seen in other E. coli strains, writes Zimmer.


"This new DNA may be responsible for its high level of virulence—more than a quarter of victims went on to develop the dangerous form of the disease," he added "The O104:H4 strain has even acquired new genes that make them resistant to antibiotics. As a result, doctors have few options to treat the bacteria. In Germany, physicians are resorting to an experimental antibody treatment to see if it can help."


“Microbes are always going to be one step ahead of us. Their generation time is 24 hours, ours is 30 years. They mutate, they change, they will find a way. They are amazing opportunists,” writes Dorothy Crawford, Professor of Medical Microbiology at the University of Edinburgh and author ofDeadly Companions.


Microbes have evolved with us over the millennia, shaping human civilization through infection, disease, and deadly pandemic. Beginning with a dramatic account of the SARS pandemic at the start of the 21st century, As our move from hunter-gatherer to farmer to city-dweller accelerated, we became ever more vulnerable to microbe attack.


With increased crowding and air travel putting us at risk, Crawford wonders whether we might ever conquer microbes completely, and whether we need a more microbe-centric view of the world.


The Daily Galaxy via Newsweek.com, npr.org and carlzimmer.com


Image credit Spanish Flu Virus: Courtesy,  Yoshihiro Kawaoka, University of Wisconsin-Madison


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الثلاثاء، 7 أغسطس 2012

Ancient Mars: "The Water Planet"? --'Curiosity' Mission May Provide Proof (Weekend Feature)

Ancient Mars: "The Water Planet"? --'Curiosity' Mission May Provide Proof (Weekend Feature)
Ancient Mars: "The Water Planet"? --'Curiosity' Mission May Provide Proof (Weekend Feature)The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel: Sci, Space, TechFollow the Daily GalaxyAdd Daily Galaxy to igoogle page AddThis Feed Button Join The Daily Galaxy Group on Facebook Follow The Daily Galaxy Group on twitter  « Image of the Day --NASA's Gale Crater Mars Landing Site for Tomorrow's 'Search-for-Life' Mission |Main| View Now! NASA Live Streams Mars 'Curiosity' Landing »

August 05, 2012 Ancient Mars: "The Water Planet"? --'Curiosity' Mission May Provide Proof (Weekend Feature)

 

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"We can now say that the planet was altered on a global scale by liquid water about four billion years ago." John Carter of the University of Paris.

Will the newly defined search zone for The Mars Curiosity rover following its Aug. 5th touchdown prove Carter right? The Curiosity Science Mission goal is to look for chemical evidence of ancient life preserved within exposures near the base of a five-kilometers high mound of layered materials at the center of Gale crater.

Because of its history, 96-mile wide Gale Crater crater with its strangely sculpted mountain --three times higher than the Grand Canyon is deep--is the ideal place for Curiosity to conduct its mission of exploration into the Red Planet's past. Researchers plan to use Curiosity to study layers in the mountain that hold evidence about wet environments of early Mars.

An instrument on Curiosity can check for any water that might be bound into shallow underground minerals along the rover's path. Today the Red Planet is a radiation-drenched, bitterly cold, bleak world. Enormous dust storms explode across the barren landscape and darken Martian skies for months at a time. But data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter suggest that Mars once hosted vast lakes and flowing rivers.

Minerals in northern Mars craters observed by two NASA orbiters suggested that a phase in Mars' early history with conditions favorable to life occurred globally, not just in the south. Southern and northern Mars differ in many ways, so the extent to which they shared ancient environments has been open to question.

In recent years, the European Space Agency's Mars Express orbiter and NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have found clay minerals that are signatures of a wet environment at thousands of sites in the southern highlands of Mars, where rocks on or near the surface are about four billion years old. Until this week, no sites with those minerals had been reported in the northern lowlands, where younger volcanic activity has buried the older surface more deeply.

French and American researchers report that some large craters penetrating younger, overlying rocks in the northern lowlands expose similar mineral clues to ancient wet conditions. Other types of evidence about liquid water in later epochs on Mars tend to point to shorter durations of wet conditions or water that was more acidic or salty.

The researchers used the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM), an instrument on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, to check 91 craters in the northern lowlands. In at least nine, they found clays and clay-like minerals called phyllosilicates, or other hydrated silicates that form in wet environments on the surface or underground.

Earlier observations with the OMEGA spectrometer on Mars Express had tentatively detected phyllosilicates in a few craters of the northern plains, but the deposits are small, and CRISM can make focused observations on smaller areas than OMEGA.

"We needed the better spatial resolution to confirm the identifications," Carter said. "The two instruments have different strengths, so there is a great advantage to using both."* CRISM Principal Investigator Scott Murchie of Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, said that the findings aid interpretation of when the wet environments on ancient Mars existed relative to some other important steps in the planet's early history.

The prevailing theory for how the northern part of the planet came to have a much lower elevation than the southern highlands is that a giant object slammed obliquely into northern Mars, turning nearly half of the planet's surface into the solar system's largest impact crater. The new findings suggest that the formation of water-related minerals, and thus at least part of the wet period that may have been most favorable to life, occurred between that early giant impact and the later time when younger sediments formed an overlying mantle.

"That large impact would have eliminated any evidence for the surface environment in the north that preceded the impact," Murchie said. "It must have happened well before the end of the wet period."

The three-dimensional image at the top of the page shows a trough in the Nili Fossae region of Mars shows a type of minerals called phyllosilicates (in magenta and blue hues) concentrated on the slopes of mesas and along canyon walls. The abundance of phyllosilicates shows that water played a sizable role in changing the minerals of a variety of terrains in the planet's early history.

"Layering at the top of the large mound at the center of Gale crater [landing site] is similar to layering visible in western Medusae Fossae Formation exposures, so Curiosity may be able to examine these materials up close, providing the first direct evidence of how they were formed," said Jim Zimbelman, geologist at the National Air and Space Museum’s Center for Earth and Planetary Studies. "This is exciting because so far none of our orbiting spacecraft have been able to measure the composition of MFF materials, something crucial to any explanation of its origin."

The Daily Galaxy via NASA/JPL

 

Posted at 09:00 AM | Permalink



Comments

John Carter? John Carter of Mars?

;-)

Barsoom!

Posted by:Steve Olson |August 05, 2012 at 01:13 PM


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