New Theory of Dark Matter & Energy Alters Einstein's View of Spacetime The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel: Sci, Space, TechFollow the Daily Galaxy
« "21-Centimeter Cosmology" --Birth of the Universe Found in an Atom of Hydrogen |Main| Image of the Day: Tracks of Human Technology on Mars --Curiosity Begins Its Journey! »September 06, 2012 New Theory of Dark Matter & Energy Alters Einstein's View of Spacetime
A pair of mathematicians -- one from Indiana University and the other from Sichuan University in China -- have proposed a unified theory of dark matter and dark energy that alters Einstein's equations describing the fundamentals of gravity.
"In a nutshell, we believe that new gravity theory will change our view on energy, gravitational interactions, and the structure and formation of our universe," said Shouhong Wang, a professor of mathematics at Indiana University.
Wang and Tian Ma, a professor at Sichuan University, suggest the law of energy and momentum conservation in spacetime is valid only when normal matter, dark matter and dark energy are all taken into account. For normal matter alone, energy and momentum are no longer conserved, they argue.While still employing the metric of curved spacetime that Einstein used in his field equations, the researchers argue the presence of dark matter and dark energy -- which scientists believe accounts for at least 95 percent of the universe -- requires a new set of gravitational field equations that take into account a new type of energy caused by the non-uniform distribution of matter in the universe. This new energy can be both positive and negative, and the total over spacetime is conserved, Wang said.
It is curved spacetime, along with a new scalar potential field representing the new energy density, and the interactions between the two that form the foundation for the new gravitational field equations.
"Many people have come up with different theories for dark energy," Wang said. "Unfortunately, the mystery remains, and in fact, the nature of dark energy is now perhaps the most profound mystery in cosmology and astrophysics. It is considered the most outstanding problem in theoretical physics.
"The other great mystery concerning our universe is that it contains much more matter than can be accounted for in our visible stars. The missing mass is termed as dark matter, and despite many attempts at detecting dark matter, the mystery remains and even deepens."
The researchers postulate that the energy-momentum tensor of normal matter is no longer conserved and that new gravitational field equations follow from Einstein's principles of equivalence and general relativity, and the principle of Lagrangian dynamics, just as Einstein derived his field equations. Wang said the new equations were the unique outcome of the non-conservation of the energy-momentum tensor of normal matter.
When Einstein developed his theory, dark energy and dark matter had not yet been discovered, so it was natural for him to start his theory using the conservation law of energy and momentum of normal matter, Wang added.*"The difference between the new field equations and Einstein's equations is the addition of a second-order covariant derivative of a scalar potential field," he said. "Gravity theory is fundamentally changed and is now described by the metric of the curved spacetime, the new scalar potential field and their interactions."
Tensors provide a concise framework for solving general relativity problems and the energy-momentum tensor quantifies the density and current of energy and momentum in spacetime. The second-order covariant derivative would be the geometric analog of a second order derivative in calculus which measures how the rate of change of a quantity is itself changing.
Associated with the scalar field is a scalar potential energy density consisting of positive and negative energies and representing a new type of energy caused by the non-uniform distribution of matter in the universe. The scalar potential energy density varies as the galaxies move and matter redistributes, affecting every part of the universe as a field.
Wang said negative energy produces attraction while the positive energy produces a repelling force fundamentally different from the four forces -- gravity, electromagnetism, the weak interaction and the strong interaction -- recognized in physics today.
"Most importantly, this new energy and the new field equations offer a unified theory for both dark energy and dark matter, which until now have been considered as two totally different beasts sharing only 'dark' in name," he said. "Both dark matter and dark energy can now be represented by the sum of the new scalar potential energy density and the coupling energy between the energy-momentum tensor and the scalar potential field."
The negative part of this sum represents the dark matter, which produces attraction, and the positive part represents the dark energy, which drives the acceleration of expanding galaxies, he said.
Kevin Zumbrun, chair of the Department of Mathematics at IU Bloomington, said the new unified theory looked sound in principle."It is speculative at the cosmological level, since one must match with experiment, but the math is solid," he said. "It's a new and elegant angle on things, and if this does match experiment, it is a huge discovery. Quite exciting!"
Wang said the new field equations also lead to a modified Newtonian gravitational force formula, which shows that dark matter plays a more important rule in a galactic scale at about 1,000 to 100,000 light years, but is less important in the larger scale of the solar system, where dark energy will be significant (more than 10 million light years).
"This unified theory is consistent with general characterizations of dark energy and dark matter, and further tests of the theory up to measured precisions of cosmic observations are certainly crucial for an eventual validation of the theory," Wang added.
Above, a combined radio/optical image shows the galaxy cluster Abell 3376 in visible light(blue) and radio (red) images. The giant radio arcs surrounding the cluster were discovered using the Very Large Array. The visible-light image is from the Digitized Sky survey.The Daily Galaxy via http://newsinfo.iu.edu/
Posted at 09:40 AM | PermalinkComments
"A pair of mathematicians -- one from Indiana University and the other from Sichuan University in China -- have proposed a unified theory of dark matter and dark energy that alters Einstein's equations describing the fundamentals of gravity."
Did Kevin Zumbrun at IU Bloomington, "propose" this theory or simply comment on Wang and Ma's theory?
Posted by:John |September 06, 2012 at 11:11 AMWonder about mass oscillation, and back to 2008. Well, I'll always have the discovery of the electric force constant so mass and EM units can become consistent, and the opposite charge effect of a minus sign factors into a constant.
Sounds interesting :)
Posted by:Simon Jackson |September 06, 2012 at 01:12 PMGo Big Red! Glad to see that people are still expanding their minds at good old IU in Bloomington.
One must remember 'laws of physics' are not like mathematical proofs they are approximations. The better the repeatable results of a theory when compared against experiment (do not forget those pesky error bars that denote uncertainty of result) it is called a law. As we know from Quantum Mechanics some things cannot be measure at the same time position and momentum for example.
All solutions of partial differential equations are themselves approximations. What if the constants of nature are not but are functions themselves of something like local gravitational curvature, or dark energy radiation pressure or the mass of a quark. It all gets kicked into a hat so to speak (a black one at that probably).
The Theory of Everything (TOE) is a Holy Grail, a chimera, something that is like a cloud. When the cloud is far off it is sharp and distinct but once near or in the cloud it is just a fuzzy light scatterer. A TOE makes sense because we do not have it, but as we approach it, what is it exactly? What predictions does it make? Can they be measured.
It is possible that a TOE is not mathematical at all but something else (shades of Herman Weyl).
Nonetheless carry on chaps and solve those clouds. In the meantime I'll be blowing the foam off a few at the Bluebird with Duke Tumatoe (a TOE himself) getting ready for another one of those beautiful Friday nights in Bloomington.
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Posted by:Princesswu112 |September 07, 2012 at 01:57 AM95% of the known universe is made up of Dark Matter and Dark Energy? If the universe has such an abundance of this stuff, why is it not present in our neck of the woods? Dark Matter and Dark Energy does not exist here because we are such a rarity that only ordinary matter exist here in our part of the universe. Although, no one has ever seen Dark Energy or Dark Matter, we know they exist due to the influence it has on other heavenly bodies (the acceleration of the universe. Although there is still debate on the fact of whether the expansion of the universe is really happening, via dark matter, and dark energy. Can we recreate dark matter in a lab?
In search of the Snark.
Posted by:kristi276 |September 07, 2012 at 02:45 AMBravo!
Wish I understood the math. I am stuck with only conceptual explanations of things. Can someone who knows math, physics, and CIG Theory ( www.CIGTheory.com) assess whether or not there is any connection between the two? CIG also combines Matter-Dark Matter-Dark Energy. It would be so appreciated if the math that Dr. Wang and Dr. Tian Ma could be explained to me in a "physically this is happening and why - words only explanation" (the math could be included if all variables are explained as to their meaning and intent). [The other choice is that I learn math]
Any takers. Please see CIG Theory. www.CIGTheory.com
Any link between this paper and CIG?
Thank you kindly,
Doug (respond to lippfamily@earthlink.net)
My math in CIGTheory is nearly limited to MTS where :
M= Matter
T = forward/reverse vector quantity (picture arrows on the T) which represent any possible rate of travel from zero to "c"
("T" was used because at "c" there is an equvalency to Time itself)(the theory also started in 1979 with a Rate x Time = Distance thought process - incorrectly so, I now believe, since the RxT=Distance equation forgets to state that something has be traveling [I quess this is supposed to be understood])
S = Space (The Darkest of Deep Dark Energy)
So, M = black hole at zero %"c" travel
and S = Dark Energy at full "c" travel
In between is the Standard Model , Dark Matter, Light Dark Matter, Heavy Dark Matter, etc.
Matter manifests itself into space (a mass to space quatification is in the theory) . This theory takes matter and turns it into a spatial quantity.
Is there any correlation between CIG Theory
( www.CIGTheory.com ) and this new paper by Dr. Wang and
Dr. Tian Ma?
I would really like someone to comment on my theory.
THX
doug [please comment to: lippfamily@earthlink.net ]
I don't like how modern fundamental science has turned into almost pure speculation and sometimes outright fantasy! There is a big paradigm crisis that no one wants to face. Ugly mess in particle physics and nonsense in cosmology. It is a dead end...
Posted by:Roman |September 07, 2012 at 05:31 AMIn simple terms dark matter is an excess attraction, and dark energy is an excess repulsion. So either these things are real and have a fermionic/bosonic nature, or they are aberrations caused by not correctly understanding the interaction between matter and space.
Simply put above average matter connection appears as extra gravity, or dark matter effect, and below average matter connection appears as less gravity, or dark energy effect.
Think what would happen to waves in a medium, if waves of similar frequency became attracted when in phase and repelled when in anti-phase. The scalar field represents to some extent the frequency of vibration of mass/energy content at a point in space.
That's how I choose to understand it, the actual details may differ.
Posted by:Simon Jackson |September 07, 2012 at 02:36 PMThe basic concept makes sense to me. If dark matter and dark energy can exert forces on normal matter, then normal matter should exert forces back on dark matter and dark energy. That's Isaac Newton's "for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction." This suggests that the momentum and energy (which in relativity is essentially the time component of momentum) should be conserved only when considering dark matter, dark energy, and normal matter together. Of course this specific theory will need experimental verification.
In reply to kristi276, dark matter and dark energy should be present all around us. It's just very weakly interacting so it's hard to detect the interactions on less than galactic scales. Unless of course the concepts of dark matter and dark energy are wrong.
Posted by:Andrew |September 07, 2012 at 09:10 PMIs it not possible that gravity is, in fact, the fabric in which space-time is woven? That matter is not reacting to gravity, rather, gravity is reacting to matter? It might be possible that the three things in "modern" physics that we understand the least; Gravity, dark-energy and dark-matter, have more in common than we realize... Is it conceivable that 95% of the universe is comprised of a form of "gravity" [fabric]that we have yet to comprehend? After all- "Wang said the new field equations also lead to a modified Newtonian gravitational force formula, which shows that dark matter plays a more important rule in a galactic scale at about 1,000 to 100,000 light years, but is less important in the larger scale of the solar system, where dark energy will be significant (more than 10 million light years).
Perhaps gravity has more secrets to reveal about it's mysterious nature than we realize. I simply CANNOT wait to find out! Great article!
Sub: Need to search Cosmology vedas Interlinks
Space Time Energy Concepts -need to be linked to Prime concepts
that form cosmological Index. the Milkyway Galactic frame helps to evolve base concepts. Plasma regulated Electromagnetic phenomena in magnetic field environment has been clearly identified in my projections - see cosmology structures new modeling-by V nanduri
Carnegie Centennial symposium-3, jan 2003
search more links
vidyardhicosmology [dot]blogspot [dot]in/2011/10/light-flow-interaction-plasma-vision [dot]html
Curly is going in the right direction.
While gravity is much, much weaker than it should be, (because most of it comes from somewhere else) we should be looking into dark matter and energy to see if the same thing applies!
A refreshing approach covering the totality of mass energy content of the Universe. Yes, 95% is dark matter and energy and only 5 % is visible. We have done and studied the visible but the dominant part remains beyond study except for its repulsive gravity towards the visible universe of ours. Such an approach should be taken way back to time zero of Big Bang creation and one should study how one primordial matter got divided into two, visible and dark and how! I have few conceptual ideas. t involves treating heavy particulate primordial matter that decayed under strong field and this process got stopped with falling strength of initial strength of strong force and then emerged gravitational force of two variety attractive and repulsive, one for interactions within visible matter, as the dominant part of dark matter got a different constituents to that of visible baryonic matter!
Posted by:Narendra Nath |September 09, 2012 at 04:18 AMMy brain hurts
Posted by:Ruth Mc |September 09, 2012 at 07:49 AMas a layman, always curious about Cosmology, the Quantam World etc, but I understood .005% of this article. That's fine, love to see great minds at work, guess I'll have to wait for a science writer to digest this and boil it down for a science magazine. I wonder if we'll ever totally, completely, fundamentally understand reality and creation. Why are we here?
Posted by:tom perry |September 09, 2012 at 07:58 AMTom perry, there is no answer to that why. There is no "reason",we just are. Look up on entropy and go from there.
Posted by:Insomnia |September 10, 2012 at 07:53 AMPost a comment
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