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الأربعاء، 12 سبتمبر 2012

Small Magellanic Cloud Reveals a Challenge to Big Bang Physics

Small Magellanic Cloud Reveals a Challenge to Big Bang Physics
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September 08, 2012 Small Magellanic Cloud Reveals a Challenge to Big Bang Physics

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Stars in the Milky Way have about four times less lithium on the surface than expected by Big Bang predictions. Some scientists suggest that stellar activity might destroy lithium, or the element might sink from the surface through lighter hydrogen, but the remarkably consistent ratio from star to star is a challenge to those explanations. Observations of gas in the Small Magellanic Cloud revealed the amount of lithium that predictions say would have been produced at the Big Bang, but leave no room for subsequent production of the element.

One explanation could be a novel kind of physics operating at the Big Bang that left less lithium than the Standard Model predicts. J. Christopher Howk, Nicolas Lehner and Grant Mathews of the Center for Astrophysics at the University of Notre Dame published a paper this week in the journal Nature titled "Observation of interstellar lithium in the low-metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud."

The astrophysicists have explored a discrepancy between the amount of lithium predicted by the standard models of elemental production during the Big Bang and the amount of lithium observed in the gas of the Small Magellanic Cloud, a galaxy near to our own.

"The paper involves measuring the amount of lithium in the interstellar gas of a nearby galaxy, but it may have implications for fundamental physics, in that it could imply the presence of dark matter particles in the early universe that decay or annihilate one another," Howk says. "This may be a probe of physics in the early universe that gives us a handle on new physics we don't have another way to get a handle on right now."

Using observations from European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, the team measured the amount of lithium in the interstellar gas of the Small Magellanic Cloud, which has far fewer star-produced heavy elements than the Milky Way.

In addition to the production of elements by fusion in the core of stars, scientists believe conditions immediately after the Big Bang led to the formation of some elements, including a small amount of lithium. The team will conduct three nights of observations on the VLT in November. They will look for the lithium isotope 7Li in the Large Magellanic Cloud and 6Li in both the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud. The standard model predicts that no 6Li was created at the Big Bang.

The Daily Galaxy via Nature

Posted at 08:45 AM | Permalink

Comments

AN ELEMENTARY WRONG FORMATION MODEL

Quote: "The astrophysicists have explored a discrepancy between the amount of lithium predicted by the standard models of elemental production during the Big Bang and the amount of lithium observed in the gas of the Small Magellanic Cloud, a galaxy near to our own”.

AD: OK then the Big Bang and the Standard model both are wrong regarding the formation of elements, but what then? Maybe the formation has nothing to do with the age of a star? Maybe the star formation hypothesis itself is wrong?

- Since our solar is an integrated part of the galactic rotation its formation shall be connected to this formation and not to “a local cloud of dust and gas that suddenly collapsed and formed our sun and planets”.

The actual amount and composition of gas and dust in the molecular cloud that formed our galaxy – and therefore also our solar system – decided what kind of elements that could be formed in our galaxy and in our solar system, and it is very logical that stars in other galaxies have other compositions of gasses and particles.

- It is the standard formation model itself that is wrong, connecting age to the solar formation and assuming that gasses and particles are evenly spread all over in cosmos, which this article contradicts very clearly.

Posted by:Ivar Nielsen |September 09, 2012 at 01:54 AM

again the 14 billion years and the big-bang BS...is anybody here that believes we`re right in the middle of the sphere? you`re all living in a box with your mind. Let`s consider we are at half distance between middle Universe and the Universe border. We should see stars in one direction (border) at 7 billion LY, and in the other (through the center of the Universe) at 21 billion LY. Instead we see stars at 14 billion LY in all directions. Please get out of your mind box.

Posted by:Gaugain |September 09, 2012 at 02:47 AM

There could be higher concentrations of Lithium in other galaxies. This would balance out the big bang theory. Our universe is not homogenous.

Posted by:Pete |September 09, 2012 at 05:48 AM

From the time of the very auspicious inception of the civilization, mankind is continuing to find out the correct answer to the question about universe creation or creator. Aborigines have taking up the considerations of the causes by religious thoughts in different ways as consolations as there was no practical answer or solutions to the questions. Pensive it mentioned below the little serving as an example of my research results and see Interesting facts about the Universe, as I see its- New Discovery of the Universe. See at http://t.co/jVFHtSCr

Posted by:Shahidur Rahman Sikder |September 09, 2012 at 03:19 PM

الجمعة، 10 أغسطس 2012

Mystery of 'Monster Stars' of the Large Magellanic Cloud: Solved

Mystery of 'Monster Stars' of the Large Magellanic Cloud: Solved
Mystery of 'Monster Stars' of the Large Magellanic Cloud: SolvedThe Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel: Sci, Space, TechFollow the Daily Galaxy Add Daily Galaxy to igoogle page

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August 07, 2012 Mystery of 'Monster Stars' of the Large Magellanic Cloud: Solved

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In 2010 scientists discovered four 'monster' sized stars, with the heaviest more than 300 times as massive as our Sun, or twice as much as the currently accepted limit of 150 solar masses. . Despite their incredible luminosity, these exotic objects, located in the giant star cluster R136 in the nearby galaxy the Large Magellanic Cloud; have oddly so far been found nowhere else. Now a group of astronomers at the University of Bonn have a new explanation: the ultramassive stars were created from the merger of lighter stars in tight binary systems.

The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), at a distance of 160000 light years, is the third nearest satellite of the Milky Way galaxy we live in and contains around 10 billion stars. The LMC has many star forming regions, with by far the most active being the 1000 light year diameter 'Tarantula Nebula' where the four supermassive stars are found. This cloud of gas and dust is a highly fertile breeding ground of stars in the LMC also known as the "30 Doradus" (30 Dor) complex.

Near the center of 30 Dor is R136, by far the brightest stellar nursery not just in the LMC but in the entire 'Local Group' of more than 50 galaxies (including our own) and the site of the perplexing ultramassive stars. Until the discovery of these objects in 2010, observations of the Milky Way and other galaxies suggested that the upper limit for stars formed in the present day universe was about 150 times the mass of the Sun. This value represented a universal limit and appeared to apply wherever stars formed.

"Not only the upper mass limit but the whole mass ingredient of any newborn assembly of stars appears identical irrespective of the stellar birthplace", says Pavel Kroupa of the University of Bonn, a co-author on the new paper. "The star birth process seems to be universal".

The newly discovered four ultrabright ultramassive stars in R136 are quite an exception to this widely accepted limit. Does their discovery mean that the star birth in the 30 Dor region is happening in a very different way from elsewhere in the universe? If so, it would challenge the universal nature of the process of star formation, a fundamental premise of modern astronomy.

The Bonn group, also including lead investigator Dr Sambaran Banerjee and team member Seungkyung Oh, modelled the interactions between stars in a R136-like cluster. Their computer simulation assembled the model cluster star by star, so as to resemble the real cluster as closely as possible, creating a cluster of more than 170,000 stars packed closely together. At the outset Seungkyung ensured that the stars were all of a normal mass and were distributed in the way expected.

To compute how even this relatively basic system changes over time, the model had to solve 510,000 equations many times over. The simulation is complicated by the effect of the nuclear reactions and hence energy released by each star and what happens when two stars happen to collide, a frequent event in such a crowded environment.

These highly intensive, star by star calculations are known as 'direct N-body simulations' and are the most reliable and accurate way to model clusters of stars. The Bonn researchers used the N-body integration code "NBODY6", developed primarily by Sverre Aarseth of the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge and took advantage of the unprecedented hardware acceleration of video-gaming cards installed in otherwise ordinary workstations to fast forward their calculations.

"With all these ingredients, our R136 models are the most difficult and intensive N-body calculations ever made", say Pavel and Seungkyung. "Once these calculations were done, it quickly became clear that the ultramassive stars are no mystery", adds Sambaran. "They start appearing very early in the life of the cluster. With so many massive stars in tight binary pairs, themselves packed closely together, there are frequent random encounters, some of which result in collisions where two stars coalesce into heavier objects. The resulting stars can then quite easily end up being as ultramassive as those seen in R136.

"Imagine two bulky stars closely circling each other but where the duo gets pulled apart by the gravitational attraction from their neighbouring stars. If their initially circular orbit is stretched enough, then the stars crash into each other as they pass and make a single ultramassive star", Sambaran explains.

"Although extremely complicated physics is involved when two very massive stars collide, we still find it quite convincing that this explains the monster stars seen in the Tarantula", says Banerjee. * "This helps us relax", concludes Kroupa, "Because the collisions mean that the ultramassive stars are a lot easier to explain. The universality of star formation prevails after all."

For more information a preprint of this paper can be downloaded from arxiv.org/abs/1208.0826 Journal reference: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

The image below shows left to right the Tarantula nebula and the R136 cluster within it. The most extreme of these stars was found in the cluster R136. Named R136a1, it is found to have a current mass of 265 times that of the Sun.

Astronomersc

The Daily Galaxy via Royal Astronomical Society

Image credit: European Southern Observatory

Posted at 02:00 PM | Permalink

Comments

There is no observable evidence for colliding stars, and scientists have resorted to desperation to collaborate with the outdated phony big-bang baby early universe model. Colliding stars would produce supernova energy scale outbursts easily detectable if it was true. Hydrogen and helium,have supersolid and superliquid superstate transitions, that superconduct electricity and explain the sun's enormous magnetic fields and heliosphere current sheath. Birkeland current filaments get magnetic twisted knots in spiral galaxy arm filaments where stars commonly form. The charge-mass analog for plasma stars entirely confuses gravity star models, producing wrong stupid ideas like this interpretation.
Holographicgalaxy.blogspot.com

Posted by:Holo |August 08, 2012 at 12:05 PM

Holo

I am thinking if you was right, we would see at the very least a few scattered random giant stars across the skys instead of all to a certain size and then 4 super giants close together. Im not saying magnetics dont play a part but it looks like you didnt even read the article before breaking out the "dead big bang" wagon. And who knows, maybe the gravity and electric/magnetic forces held all normal outburst to a almost impossible quick assimilation where any super/nova type outburst were swallowed in the process.
The ability to think "anything is possible" stops us from missing things thats right there to be seen but we dont because we just dont accept it might be possible.

Posted by:smartypants |August 08, 2012 at 03:06 PM