galaxy news: سبتمبر 2012

الأربعاء، 12 سبتمبر 2012

"21-Centimeter Cosmology" --Birth of the Universe Found in an Atom of Hydrogen

"21-Centimeter Cosmology" --Birth of the Universe Found in an Atom of Hydrogen
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September 06, 2012 "21-Centimeter Cosmology" --Birth of the Universe Found in an Atom of Hydrogen

NGC_5139_Hubble_WFC3

Current telescopes can only see galaxies about 700 million years old, and only when the galaxy is unusually large or as the result of a big event like a stellar explosion. An international team of scientists led by researchers at Tel Aviv University have developed a new method for detecting galaxies of stars that formed when the universe was in its infancy, during the first 180 million years of its existence. The method is able to observe stars that were previously believed too old to find, says Prof. Rennan Barkana of TAU's School of Physics and Astronomy.

The researchers' method uses radio telescopes to seek out radio waves emitted by hydrogen atoms, which were abundant in the early days of the universe. Emitting waves measuring about eight inches (21 centimeters) long, the atoms reflect the radiation of the stars, making their emission detectable by radio telescopes, explains Prof. Barkana. This development opens the way to learning more about the universe's oldest galaxies.

According to Barkana, these waves show a specific pattern in the sky, a clear signature of the early galaxies, which were one-millionth the size of galaxies today. Differences in the motion of dark matter and gas from the early period of the universe, which affect the formation of stars, produce a specific fluctuation pattern that makes it much easier to distinguish these early waves from bright local radio emissions.

The intensity of waves from this early era depends on the temperature of the gas, allowing researchers to begin to piece together a rough map of the galaxies in an area of the sky. If the gas is very hot, it means that there are many stars there; if cooler, there are fewer stars, explains Prof. Barkana.

These initial steps into the mysterious origins of the universe will allow radio astronomers to reconstruct for the first time what the early universe looked like, specifically in terms of the distribution of stars and galaxies across the sky, he believes.

This field of astronomical research, now being called "21-centimeter cosmology," is just getting underway. Five different international collaborations are building radio telescopes to detect these types of emissions, currently focusing on the era around 500 million years after the Big Bang. Equipment can also be specifically designed for detecting signals from the earlier eras, says Prof. Barkana. He hopes that this area of research will illuminate the enigmatic period between the birth of the universe and modern times, and allow for the opportunity to test predictions about the early days of the universe.

"We know a lot about the pristine universe, and we know a lot about the universe today. There is an unknown era in between when there was hot gas and the first formation of stars. Now, we are going into this era and into the unknown," says Prof. Barkana. He expects surprises along the way, for example involving the properties of early stars, and that observations will reveal a more complicated cosmological reality than was predicted by their models.

The image at the top of the page reveals a small region inside the massive globular cluster Omega Centauri (NGC 5139). This is one of the first images taken by the new Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), installed aboard Hubble in May 2009, during Servicing Mission 4. Hubble observed Omega Centauri on July 15, 2009, in ultraviolet and visible light.

The Daily Galaxy via Tel Aviv University and Nature.com

Image credit: NASA/courtesy nasaimages.org

Posted at 09:37 AM | Permalink

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I'd like to know more about the nature of the spaceless area that surrounded the original singularity before it exploded in what we call the Big Bang.

Posted by:Cyberquill |September 06, 2012 at 12:42 PM

Curiosity Rover 'Sniffs' Martian Air for Signs of Methane --Will It Prove to Have a Biological Source?

Curiosity Rover 'Sniffs' Martian Air for Signs of Methane --Will It Prove to Have a Biological Source?
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September 10, 2012 Curiosity Rover 'Sniffs' Martian Air for Signs of Methane --Will It Prove to Have a Biological Source?

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"The loss of Mars' atmosphere has been an ongoing mystery," Doug McCuistion, director of the Mars Exploration Program at NASA Headquarters in Washington, said.One theory is that Mars lost its magnetic field, without which it was defenseless against the brutal onslaught of solar radiation which stripped anything not nailed down (like air) off the planet. Now, Nasa's Curiosity rover has measured the Red Planet's atmospheric composition by sucking the air into its big "Sample Analysis at Mars" (Sam) instrument to reveal the concentration of different gases.The Sam analysis is ongoing but NASA says carbon dioxide will dominate as it has in the past by the Viking probes in the 1970s and the Phoenix lander in 2008.

Of paramount interest will be whether a signal for methane, which has recently been observed by satellite and by Earth telescopes, has been detected by Curiosity.Methane has a short-life span and its persistence suggests a replenishing source of some kind - either biological or geochemical. It is hoped SAM can shed light on the issue.

The results from this first test could be announced next week, said Curiosity deputy principal scientist Joy Crisp, but she cautioned that it would be some time before definitive statements could be made about the status of methane on Mars.

"When Sam is at its best it can measure various parts per trillion of methane, and the expected amounts based on measurements taken from orbit around Mars and from Earth telescopes should be in the 10 to a few 10s of parts per billion," she told reporters."But it's so early in the use of Sam, which is a complicated instrument, and we have to sort through the data."

Planetary scientists have long been puzzling over what could be producing methane gas detected in Mars thin atmosphere. Methane molecules are easily blown apart by ultraviolet light from the Sun, so any methane around must have been released recently. The presence of methane has triggered a hot debate in the Mars science community: is it a sign of microbial life or geology? Perhaps the Curiosity Mission will give us the answer.

The Daily Galaxy via http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment

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Small Magellanic Cloud Reveals a Challenge to Big Bang Physics

Small Magellanic Cloud Reveals a Challenge to Big Bang Physics
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September 08, 2012 Small Magellanic Cloud Reveals a Challenge to Big Bang Physics

Ps15_8x10

Stars in the Milky Way have about four times less lithium on the surface than expected by Big Bang predictions. Some scientists suggest that stellar activity might destroy lithium, or the element might sink from the surface through lighter hydrogen, but the remarkably consistent ratio from star to star is a challenge to those explanations. Observations of gas in the Small Magellanic Cloud revealed the amount of lithium that predictions say would have been produced at the Big Bang, but leave no room for subsequent production of the element.

One explanation could be a novel kind of physics operating at the Big Bang that left less lithium than the Standard Model predicts. J. Christopher Howk, Nicolas Lehner and Grant Mathews of the Center for Astrophysics at the University of Notre Dame published a paper this week in the journal Nature titled "Observation of interstellar lithium in the low-metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud."

The astrophysicists have explored a discrepancy between the amount of lithium predicted by the standard models of elemental production during the Big Bang and the amount of lithium observed in the gas of the Small Magellanic Cloud, a galaxy near to our own.

"The paper involves measuring the amount of lithium in the interstellar gas of a nearby galaxy, but it may have implications for fundamental physics, in that it could imply the presence of dark matter particles in the early universe that decay or annihilate one another," Howk says. "This may be a probe of physics in the early universe that gives us a handle on new physics we don't have another way to get a handle on right now."

Using observations from European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, the team measured the amount of lithium in the interstellar gas of the Small Magellanic Cloud, which has far fewer star-produced heavy elements than the Milky Way.

In addition to the production of elements by fusion in the core of stars, scientists believe conditions immediately after the Big Bang led to the formation of some elements, including a small amount of lithium. The team will conduct three nights of observations on the VLT in November. They will look for the lithium isotope 7Li in the Large Magellanic Cloud and 6Li in both the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud. The standard model predicts that no 6Li was created at the Big Bang.

The Daily Galaxy via Nature

Posted at 08:45 AM | Permalink

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AN ELEMENTARY WRONG FORMATION MODEL

Quote: "The astrophysicists have explored a discrepancy between the amount of lithium predicted by the standard models of elemental production during the Big Bang and the amount of lithium observed in the gas of the Small Magellanic Cloud, a galaxy near to our own”.

AD: OK then the Big Bang and the Standard model both are wrong regarding the formation of elements, but what then? Maybe the formation has nothing to do with the age of a star? Maybe the star formation hypothesis itself is wrong?

- Since our solar is an integrated part of the galactic rotation its formation shall be connected to this formation and not to “a local cloud of dust and gas that suddenly collapsed and formed our sun and planets”.

The actual amount and composition of gas and dust in the molecular cloud that formed our galaxy – and therefore also our solar system – decided what kind of elements that could be formed in our galaxy and in our solar system, and it is very logical that stars in other galaxies have other compositions of gasses and particles.

- It is the standard formation model itself that is wrong, connecting age to the solar formation and assuming that gasses and particles are evenly spread all over in cosmos, which this article contradicts very clearly.

Posted by:Ivar Nielsen |September 09, 2012 at 01:54 AM

again the 14 billion years and the big-bang BS...is anybody here that believes we`re right in the middle of the sphere? you`re all living in a box with your mind. Let`s consider we are at half distance between middle Universe and the Universe border. We should see stars in one direction (border) at 7 billion LY, and in the other (through the center of the Universe) at 21 billion LY. Instead we see stars at 14 billion LY in all directions. Please get out of your mind box.

Posted by:Gaugain |September 09, 2012 at 02:47 AM

There could be higher concentrations of Lithium in other galaxies. This would balance out the big bang theory. Our universe is not homogenous.

Posted by:Pete |September 09, 2012 at 05:48 AM

From the time of the very auspicious inception of the civilization, mankind is continuing to find out the correct answer to the question about universe creation or creator. Aborigines have taking up the considerations of the causes by religious thoughts in different ways as consolations as there was no practical answer or solutions to the questions. Pensive it mentioned below the little serving as an example of my research results and see Interesting facts about the Universe, as I see its- New Discovery of the Universe. See at http://t.co/jVFHtSCr

Posted by:Shahidur Rahman Sikder |September 09, 2012 at 03:19 PM

CERN's Detection of Higgs Boson Confirmed

CERN's Detection of Higgs Boson Confirmed
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September 10, 2012 CERN's Detection of Higgs Boson Confirmed

PerseusCluster_041008_041214_2000

Two laboratories working at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) had jointly announced on July 4 they had detected a new fundamental particle in experiments at the Large Hadron Collider near Geneva. The discovery has been hailed as one of the biggest scientific achievements ever. The teams, from labs called Atlas and the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), on Monday each published their findings in the European journal Physics Letters B.

Although CERN's announcement was never doubted, it still had to be vetted by peers and then published in an established journal to meet benchmarks of accuracy and openness. Further work is being carried out to confirm whether the new particle is the famous Higgs, whose existence was theorised back in 1964 to explain why elementary particles obtain mass. Without the Higgs, atoms could not form, which means the physical Universe would not exist, including the galaxy cluster in the Perseus Constellation shown above, say scientists.

"The discovery reported in these papers is a momentous step forward in fundamental knowledge," said Atlas spokeswoman Fabiola Gianotti. "It is the culmination of more than 20 years of effort of the worldwide high-energy physics community to build and operate instruments of unprecedented technology, complexity and performance."

More than 5,000 researchers worldwide took part in the long quest, and both papers are dedicated to the memory of colleagues who had died. Physics Letters B was where British physicist Peter Higgs first published a letter, "Broken symmetries, massless particles and gauge fields," that sparked the hunt for the boson. His name is attached to the particle, but two other groups of theoreticians can also claim to have made major contributions. *Journal reference: Physics Letters B.

Twolaborator

The Daily Galaxy via AFP and www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269312001852

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الثلاثاء، 11 سبتمبر 2012

Image of the Day: Tracks of Human Technology on Mars --Curiosity Begins Its Journey!

Image of the Day: Tracks of Human Technology on Mars --Curiosity Begins Its Journey!
Image of the Day: Tracks of Human Technology on Mars --Curiosity Begins Its Journey!The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel: Sci, Space, TechFollow the Daily Galaxy Add Daily Galaxy to igoogle page

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September 07, 2012 Image of the Day: Tracks of Human Technology on Mars --Curiosity Begins Its Journey!

Curiositytracksspace2

"No cities. No seas. No forests and no battlegrounds. No prairies. No nations. No histories and no legends. No memories. Just features, features and names. Argyre and Hellas and Isidis. Olympus and Alba and Pavonis. Schiaparelli and Antoniadi, Kasei and Nirgal. Beautiful double-rimmed Lowell. Names from one world projected onto maps of another."

Mars is a microcosm -a spiritual jumping off place in our exploration of the Universe. The white spaces -the unmapped, unexplored, unknown white spaces of the map of Planet Earth are no more. Our 21st Century explorers look to our Solar System and beyond for the challenge of the unexplored, the unknown.

Mars, Oliver Morton tells us in "Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination, and the Birth of a World," "is continuous, seamless and sealess. Its great mountains stand alone; there are no sweeping ranges, no Rockies or Alps or Andes. The rivers are long gone. There are no continents and there are no oceans, and thus there are no shores. Given patience,, provisions, and a pressure suit you could walk from any point on the planet to any other. No edges guide the eye or frame the scene. Nowhere says: Start Here."

Unitl now, tracks from the first drives of NASA's Curiosity rover are visible in the image aboive captured by the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The rover is seen where the tracks end. The image's color has been enhanced to show the surface details better.

The two marks seen near the site where the rover landed formed when reddish surface dust was blown away by the rover's descent stage, revealing darker basaltic sands underneath. Similarly, the tracks appear darker where the rover's wheels disturbed the top layer of dust. *Observing the tracks over time will provide information on how the surface changes as dust is deposited and eroded.

The Daily Galaxy via NASA/JPL/University of Arizona and *Oliver Morton -Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination, and the Birth of a World.

Posted at 07:18 AM | Permalink

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Curiosity Avenue. Editor's Comment: That's good!

Posted by:Susan |September 08, 2012 at 04:34 AM

looks kinda green?

Posted by:Creationist |September 09, 2012 at 02:48 AM

This picture will probably be very valuable one million years from now...

Posted by:ovi |September 09, 2012 at 03:25 AM

LA Galaxy Academy teams set to kick off new season

LA Galaxy Academy teams set to kick off new season | LA Galaxy #bg { background: #2a2d51 url(http://www.lagalaxy.com/sites/losangeles/files/la-WEB_BACKGROUND_v2.jpg) no-repeat scroll center top !important; } Castfire.html5ify({ ios_ext: "adaptive.m3u8", // Profile for iPhone, iPod touch, iPad h264_ext: "640.mp4" // Profile for Android, webOS, Blackberry }); Skip To Content

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GAMEDAY Gameday Info Gameday Live The Home Depot Center Directions Parking & Traffic Information Prohibited Items Seating Map Stadium FAQs Game Alert E-News Community Donation Requests Los Angeles Galaxy Foundation Player Appearances Events How Suite It Is Fundraisers Name in Lights Make-A-Wish Kicks for Kids Español Shop LA Galaxy Academy teams set to kick off new season Galaxy U-16’s and U-18’s host Seattle and Portland this weekend September 7, 2012 LA Galaxy Communications LAGalaxy.com Tweet academy_drew murphy

CARSON, Calif. (Friday, September 7, 2012) – The 2012-13 Development Academy season kicks off this weekend with the LA Galaxy U-18 and U-16 teams hosting Seattle Sounders FC on Saturday morning and the Portland Timbers on Sunday at The Home Depot Center.

First up for last year’s SoCal Division champions in both age groups is the Sounders this Saturday on University Field 2 at The Home Depot Center. The U-18’s will kickoff at 10 a.m., followed by the U-16’s at 12:30 p.m.

On Sunday, the Galaxy return to the same field to host the Portland Timbers, who are in their first year in the Development Academy. The games kickoff at the same time as the day before, U-18’s at 10 a.m. followed by the U-16’s at 12:30 p.m.

LA Galaxy U-18 Head Coach Eddie Soto is ready for the season to start and is aware that the road to the playoffs won’t be easy.

“It's going to be a long season with ups and downs, but I feel with the right guidance we'll be able to manage these kids down the right path,” Soto said. “Alex Yi (Galaxy U-18 Assistant Coach) and I are fully committed to help develop these kids to reach there full potential physically, technically, and emotionally.

“With our recent success of our homegrown signees, we'll continue to look to create an environment that's competitive and challenging. If we can do that, the transition into the first team hopefully isn't as big of an adjustment.”

The U-18 and U-16 teams aren’t the only teams starting their new season this weekend. All four of the club’s youth teams that play in the Southern California Development Soccer League also start playing on Saturday and Sunday.

The U-12’s start the new season, their first under head coach Ted Eck, at home at North Torrance High School against Real So Cal at 9 a.m. The U-13’s begin their first season with head coach Braeden Cloutier against FC Golden State at Veterans Sports Park in Pomona Saturday at 2:10 p.m.

The U-14’s, led by former MLS forward Ante Razov, kick off the season on Sunday, September 9, against Pateadores at Hollywood High School at 2 p.m., while the U-15’s, under the guidance of head coach Alex Yi, play their season opener on Saturday, September 8 against Real So Cal at Canoga Park High School at 2:10 p.m.

All four of the Galaxy’s youth teams in SCDSL are coached by former MLS players. Razov is one of just seven players in league history with more than 100 goals, while Cloutier, Eck and Yi all played in MLS for the San Jose Earthquakes, Dallas Burn and FC Dallas, respectively.

EARLY START TO THE SEASON: When the Galaxy U-16 and U-18 teams kick off the new Development Academy season this weekend, it will be the earliest the club has started their campaign, besting last year’s start by nine days.

In 2008, the first time the Galaxy took part in the Development Academy, the teams kicked off the season on Sept. 27. The next year, the Galaxy started on Oct. 3. Last year, the teams began on Sept. 17.

The Galaxy’s record on opening day has been quite good, with the U-18’s holding a 3-0-0 mark. Including a 1-0 win over De Anza Force last year, and the U-16’s registering a 1-1-2 record, including a 4-4 draw with De Anza Force last year. Last year, the Galaxy went up against De Anza Force in their first game of the season on the road. The U-18’s got a 1-0 win while U-16’s played them to a 4-4 draw.

The younger teams enjoyed similar success in the Southern California Development Soccer League. The U-12’s started the year a 1-0 win over FC Golden State Academy, it was their first of four-straight win to start the season. The U-13’s began their campaign with a 1-1 draw with eventual league champions Pateadores, while the U-14’s started the year with a terrific 4-0 win over Exiles SC. The U-15’s, then coached by current U-16 head coach Craig Harrington, started their season with an impressive 5-0 win, they followed that up with a 6-2 win over South Bay Force en route to a 10-1-0 record and the league championship, the only title the club won in the SCDSL last year.

ARRIOLA TRAVELS TO NETHERLANDS WITH U.S. U-18: LA Galaxy forward Paul Arriola (Chula Vista, CA) was one of 20 players named to the U.S. Under-18 team that will travel to the Netherlands to play against the Dutch U-18 team. Headed up by head coach Javier Perez, the U.S. U-18 team will be based in the Netherlands from Sept. 6-17 and will also play friendlies against Feyenoord Rotterdam, Borussia Dortmund and Club Brugge during the trip. Arriola will miss this weekend’s Galaxy Academy games against Seattle and Portland, but will be eligible for selection for the next game against Arsenal FC on Saturday, Sept. 22, at Riverside Community College.

RAMOS IN CAMP WITH U.S. U-15 NATIONAL TEAM: LA Galaxy U-16 defender Alex Ramos (Reseda, CA) was named to the 36-player U.S. Under-15 training camp taking place at The Home Depot Center this week. The camp, which goes Sept. 1-8, is the final training camp in the U-15 cycle for Ramos and 29 other players. The new cycle (players born in 1998) is expected to begin in October.

U.S. SOCCER TO LAUNCH U-14 SEASON IN 2013: In an effort to identify and develop soccer players in this country at a younger age, U.S. Soccer announced on Aug. 30 that it would be creating an Under-14 division for the Development Academy. The division, which begin play fall of 2013, will consist of current Academy teams that participate in the U-16 and U-18 divisions and will possibly add a limited number of clubs that are not currently part of the structure. The clubs selected for the U-13/14 age group will follow a model that increases training to four times a week, with fewer but meaningful matches, and the schedule structure will be regionalized to limit the amount of travel. For more information on the launch of the U-14 Development Academy League, head over to ussoccer.com.

THIS WEEK’S SCHEDULE

LA Galaxy U-12 vs. Real So Cal U-12
Saturday, September 8
Game will be played at North Torrance High School at 9 a.m.

LA Galaxy U-13 vs. FC Golden State U-12
Saturday, September 8
Game will be played at Veterans Sports Park in Pomona at 2:10 p.m.

LA Galaxy U-14 vs. Pateadores U-14
Saturday, September 9
Game will be played at Hollywood High School at 2 p.m.

LA Galaxy U-15 vs. Real So Cal U-15
Saturday, September 8
Game will be played at Canoga Park High School at 2:10 p.m.

LA Galaxy U-18 vs. Seattle Sounders FC U-18
Saturday, September 8
Game will be played at The Home Depot Center at 12:30 p.m.

LA Galaxy U-18 vs. Portland Timbers U-18 Team
Sunday, September 9
Game will be played at The Home Depot Center at 12:30 p.m.

LA Galaxy U-18 vs. Seattle Sounders FC U-18
Saturday, September 8
Game will be played at The Home Depot Center at 10 a.m.

LA Galaxy U-18 vs. Portland Timbers U-18
Sunday, September 9
Game will be played at The Home Depot Center at 10 a.m.

Times and locations for all games are correct as of Friday, September 7. Click here for a complete schedule of games in the Southern California Development Soccer League and U.S. Soccer Development Academy, which includes the Galaxy Academy’s U-16 and U-18 teams.

Academy Press Releases Related Links Galaxy Academy ProgramFrom Inglewood to The Home Depot CenterLA Galaxy Development Academy kicks off this weekend Related Content

From Inglewood to The Home Depot Center

LA Galaxy Development Academy kicks off this weekend

LA Galaxy Midfielder Dan Keat Called Up to New Zealand National Team for FIFA World Cup Qualifiers

LA Galaxy sign Swedish International Midfielder Christian Wilhelmsson #sidebar_second #block-block-4 .block_body {padding: 0px; line-height: 0px;}#sidebar_second #block-block-4 .block_header, #sidebar_second #block-block-4 .block_bg {border: 0px none;}

LA Galaxy vs Colorado Rapids - Fri., Sept. 14 @ 8:00 p.m. PT

News & Blog NewsBlog LA Galaxy Academy teams set to kick off new season DeLaGarza, Dunivant, Franklin and Gonzalez key to Galaxy’s second half success From Inglewood to The Home Depot Center LA Galaxy Development Academy kicks off this weekend LA's Beckham wins fourth AT&T Goal of the Week award Landon Donovan targets September 14 match against Colorado for his return Wilhelmsson excited for American adventure 3rd Place Unveiled in LA Galaxy 3rd Kit Contest LA Galaxy Midfielder Dan Keat Called Up to New Zealand National Team for FIFA World Cup Qualifiers LA Galaxy sign Swedish International Midfielder Christian Wilhelmsson MORE LATEST NEWS The Transfer Game Sep 10 8:25 am Academy Roundup: Galaxy U-18's win, U-16's draw against Portland Timbers Sep 09 4:41 pm AM Notes: Earthquakes clinch playoff spot, Academy play Timbers on Sunday and more Sep 09 10:47 am Galaxy Academy sides pick up draws against Sounders Academy in Day One of USSDA Sep 08 4:10 pm From Inglewood to The Home Depot Center: The story of Jose Villarreal, added quotes Sep 08 1:09 pm From Inglewood to The Home Depot Center: The story of Jose Villarreal Sep 08 11:59 am AM Notes: Donovan-less USMNT fall to Jamaica, San Jose Earthquakes could clinch playoff berth today Sep 08 10:43 am Sorto hoping to become the LA Galaxy's next Homegrown player Sep 07 2:10 pm Keat, New Zealand pick up World Cup qualifier victory over New Caledonia Sep 07 1:10 pm Keane scores as Ireland defeats Kazakhstan in 2014 World Cup qualifier Sep 07 12:43 pm MORE BLOG POSTS Stay Connected

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